1부경대학교 간호학과 조교수
2충북대학교 간호학과 부교수
1Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
2Professor, Department of Nursing Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
Copyright © 2020 Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing. All rights reserved.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Author | Research design | Disease | Goal | Instruments | Country | Sample | Age (year) | Key findings | Themes and subthemes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yang et al., (2018) [1] | Qualitative: thematic analysis | Type I DM | To describe perceptions of adolescents with T1DM regarding the responses of their peers to their diabetes self-management in school settings | NA | Taiwan | 10 | 12~17 | Peers sought knowledge about diabetes in school | 1. Peer-related issues | |
Peers had curiosity, enthusiasm, and fearfulness regarding diabetes management in school | 1.1. Positive perception | |||||||||
Peers isolated adolescents with diabetes and bullied them in school | 1.2. Negative perception | |||||||||
Naman et al., (2018) [2] | Mixed-methods: grounded theory and survey | Asthma | To explore students' experiences with asthma care and perceptions of facilitators and barriers to care at school | Self-made: an informal questionnaire about asthma care practices, perceptions toward school asthma management | USA | 15 | 8~11 | Concerns about asthma management (37.5%) | 1. Peer-related issues | |
Negative impact of chronic disease on peer relationships (50%) | 1.1. Positive perception | |||||||||
Unhelpful school nurses | 1.2. Negative perception | |||||||||
Support of school staff and peers, self-confidence, and self-efficacy, perception for normal as facilitators in asthma management | 2. Safe school environment | |||||||||
Unsupportive school staff and peers and ineffective use of inhalers as barriers for asthma management | 2.3. Roles of the school nurse | |||||||||
3. Self-perception of existing disease | ||||||||||
3.3. Challenges of an existing disease | ||||||||||
4. Self-management | ||||||||||
4.3. Conducting self-management | ||||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers | ||||||||||
Haridasa et al., (2018) [3] | Qualitative: grounded theory | Sickle cell disease | To identify the perceptions of children with sickle cell disease in the school environment | NA | USA | 14 | Mean 8.18 | Difficulties in communication with peers and teachers | 1. Peer-related issues | |
Limited school activities due to their physical condition | 1.1. Positive perception | |||||||||
Administrative support for existing disease management | 1.2. Negative perception | |||||||||
Making up missed learning opportunities | 2. Safe school environment | |||||||||
Conducting self-management | 2.6. Administrative support | |||||||||
Need to improve peers' awareness of the disease | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
3.3. Challenges of an existing disease | ||||||||||
4. Self-management | ||||||||||
4.3. Conducting self-management | ||||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.4. Learning opportunities | ||||||||||
Sparapani et al., (2017) [4] | Qualitative: content analysis | Type I DM | To analyze the experiences of children with T1DM in self-managing the disease at school | NA | Brazil | 19 | 7~12 | Ineffective information-sharing for children's health among school teachers | 1. Peer related issues | |
Lack of knowledge of diabetes among teachers and peers | 1.2. Negative perception | |||||||||
Feeling support from school staff, peers, and medical staff | 2. Safe school environment | |||||||||
2.4. Training for school teachers | ||||||||||
2.5. Sharing of information and role delineation among school staff | ||||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers | ||||||||||
Ottosson et al., (2017) [5] | Quantitative: survey | Type I DM | To investigate whether children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes would report a higher quality of support in diabetes self-care | Self-made: an informal questionnaire about attitudes to diabetes care in school | Sweden | n=317 (2008), n=570 (2015) | 6~12 | Lack of confidence in managing | 2. Safe school environment | |
hypoglycemia among school staff (41%) | 2.1. Safe and convenient environment for medication and testing | |||||||||
Discomfort in taking medication (12%) | 2.4. Training for school teachers | |||||||||
Discrimination on the basis of a medical condition (14%) | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
Experiences of hypoglycemia at least once a week (84%) | 3.1. Experiences of symptoms and complications | |||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Discrimination on the basis of a medical condition | ||||||||||
Walker & Reznik, (2014) [6] | Qualitative | Asthma | To explore children's perceptions of the impact of in-school asthma management on physical activity | NA | USA | 23 | 8~10 | Experiences of asthma symptoms | 2. Safe school environment | |
Methods to control asthma and to prevent asthma during in-school physical activity | 2.1. Safe and convenient environment for medication and testing | |||||||||
Limited accessibility to asthma medication | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
Others' negative attitudes about use of the medication | 3.1. Experiences of symptoms and complications | |||||||||
3.3. Challenges of an existing disease | ||||||||||
4. Self-management | ||||||||||
4.3. Conducting self-management | ||||||||||
Sarnblad et al., (2014) [7] | Quantitative: survey | Type I DM | To investigate attitudes to diabetes care in school reported by children with type I diabetes, their parents, and their diabetes teams | Self-made: an informal questionnaire about attitudes to diabetes care in school | Sweden | 317 | 7~15 | Fear of hypoglycemia during class (18%) | 2. Safe school environment | |
Association between experiences of hypoglycemia and glycosylated hemoglobin | 2.5. Sharing of information and role delineation among school staff | |||||||||
Unsatisfactory multidisciplinary management in school (18%) | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
3.1. Experiences of symptoms and complications | ||||||||||
Blaakman et al., (2014) [8] | Qualitative: content analysis | Asthma | To understand urban teens' experiences with asthma management, preventive medication adherence, and participation in a school-based intervention | NA | USA | 28 | 12~15 | Awareness of the importance of medication adherence | 4. Self-management | |
Having trouble remembering to take medications | 4.1. Perceived significance of self-management | |||||||||
Barriers to medication adherence: other priorities such as social issues than taking medication | 4.2. Challenges and facilitators for self-management | |||||||||
Facilitators of medication adherence: good relationships with school nurses | ||||||||||
Existing facilitators and barriers to medication adherence in school | ||||||||||
Wang, Brown, & Honer, (2013) [9] | Qualitative: hermeneutical phenomenological approach | Type I DM | To investigate school-based lived experiences | NA | Taiwan | 14 | 12~17 | The point of distinction from peers | 1. Peer-related issues | |
Disguising their disease due to misunderstanding of the disease and immature response of peers | 1.3. Coping with peer-related issues | |||||||||
Temptation of high-calorie foods | 2. Safe school environment | |||||||||
Ineffective school health nursing care | 2.3. Roles of the school nurse | |||||||||
Awareness of the importance of self-management | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
3.3. Challenges of an existing disease | ||||||||||
4. Self-management | ||||||||||
4.1. Perceived significance of self-management | ||||||||||
4.2. Challenges and facilitators for self-management | ||||||||||
Tang, Chen, & Wang, (2013) [10] | Quantitative: survey | Type I DM | To investigate whether school support influences self-care behaviors and life satisfaction | Diabetes self-care behavior scale | Taiwan | 139 | 10~18 | School support for effective self-management and life satisfaction | 5. Supportive school environment | |
Perceived school support scale | 5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers | |||||||||
Life satisfaction scale | ||||||||||
Engelke et al., (2011) [11] | Quantitative: survey | Type I DM | To describe the impact of school nurse interventions on quality of life | PedsQL 3.0 Type I diabetes module | USA | 25 | 5~17 | Positive impact of care coordination by school nurses on increased quality of life of students (13〜 17 years old) | 2. Safe school environment | |
2.3. Roles of the school nurse | ||||||||||
Krenitsky-Korn, (2011) [12] | Quantitative: survey | Asthma | To investigate the correlation between the attitudes of high school students with and without asthma toward school health services | Self-made: an informal questionnaire about attitudes to and comfort with school nurse service、 school health services | USA | 28 | High school students | Higher satisfaction with support of school health care in adolescents with chronic diseases | 2. Safe school environment | |
Well-being through communication with school nurses and well-supported care by school nurses (56%) | 2.3. Roles of the school nurse | |||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers | ||||||||||
Wang, Brown, & Honer, (2010) [13] | Qualitative: hermeneutical phenomen- ological approach | Type I DM | To explore children's perceptions to manage their diabetes while at school | NA | Taiwan | 2 | 12,16 | Adolescents with diabetes learn diabetes management skills | 1. Peer-related issues | |
Seeking ways to feel comfortable in relationships with peers in school | 1.1. Positive perception | |||||||||
Trying to learn to not be different from peers | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
3.3. Challenges of an existing disease | ||||||||||
4. Self-management | ||||||||||
4.3. Conducting self-management | ||||||||||
Schwartz et al., (2010) [14] | Quantitative: survey | Type I DM | To identify the diabetes-related experiences of the children and adolescents, their parents, and their school personnel | Self-made: an informal questionnaire about diabetes-related experiences in school | USA | 80 | Kindergarten to 12th grade | Treated differently from other students (45%) | 1. Peer related issues | |
Unsupportive school environment (blame 37.5%, prevented from managing diabetes 29.1%) | 1.2. Negative perception | |||||||||
Embarrassed in front of other students (11.4%) | 4. Self-management | |||||||||
Challenges in managing self-management (23~28%) | 4.2. Challenges and facilitators for self-management | |||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers | ||||||||||
5.2. Discrimination on the basis of a medical condition | ||||||||||
Amillategui et al., (2009) [15] | Quantitative: survey | Type I DM | To identify the special needs of children with type 1 diabetes at primary school | Self-made: an informal questionnaire about general situation in management, worries about type 1 diabetes, possible actions to improve integration | Spain | 152 | 6~13 | Unassisted blood testing (53%) | 1. Peer related issues | |
Worries about not being able to administer insulin by oneself (60%) | 1.2. Negative perception | |||||||||
Insufficient preparation of glucagon in an emergency situation | 2. Safe school environment | |||||||||
Worries about not being able to recognize hypoglycemia (75%) | 2.2. Emergency response procedure | |||||||||
Recognition of physical education teacher a hypoglycemic episode (42%) | 2.4. Training for school teachers | |||||||||
Immature response among peers (18%) | 2.6. Administrative support | |||||||||
Usefulness of written information (88%) | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
Perception of difference with peers (38%) | 3.1. Experiences of symptoms and complications | |||||||||
3.3. Challenges of an existing disease | ||||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers | ||||||||||
Lehmkuhl & Nabors, (2008) [16] | Quantitative: survey | Type I DM | To assess children's perceptions of their satisfaction with support from school nurses, teachers, and friends. | Children's satisfaction with support from nurses, teachers, and classroom friends (revised How is School Scale) | USA | 23 | 8~14 | Higher satisfaction regarding care by school nurses compared with those of teachers and peers | 2. Safe school environment | |
Need for participation in after school activities | 2.3. Roles of school nurse | |||||||||
Negative impact of sadness and perception that it was less fair to have diabetes on glycosylated hemoglobin levels | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
Positive impact of a supportive school environment on glycosylated hemoglobin levels | 3.2. Negative emotion | |||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers | ||||||||||
5.4. Learning opportunities | ||||||||||
Engelke et al., (2008) [17] | Quantitative: survey | Asthma, diabetes, severe allergies, seizures, or sickle-cell anemia | To track the academic, health, and quality of life outcomes following the case management, by school nurses | PedsQL3.0SF22 asthma module | USA | 114 | 5~19 | Improvements in quality of life and gained skills and knowledge to manage their illness more effectively through case management by school nurses | 2. Safe school environment | |
2.3. Roles of the school nurse | ||||||||||
Smith et al., (2008) [18] | Qualitative: an iterative approach | Endocrine, rheumatology respimtory, and gastro-enterology | To examine the experiences and concerns of young people with chronic conditions in managing medication at school | NA | UK | 27 | 6~19 | Carrying their medication, keeping their medication at school | 1. Peer related issues | |
Privacy in administering medication | 1.1. Positive perception | |||||||||
Experiences of the side effects of medication | 1.2. Negative perception | |||||||||
Peers' understanding and help about taking medication, peers noticing hypoglycemia | 2. Safe school environment | |||||||||
Discomfort with recognition of their disease by other persons, skipping taking medication | 2.4. Training for school teachers | |||||||||
Medication training for school staffs | 2.5. Sharing of information and role delineation among school staffs | |||||||||
Understanding of taking medication for students with chronic disease among school staff | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
Sensitive responses to the needs of the children | 3.1. Experiences of symptoms and complications | |||||||||
4. Self-management | ||||||||||
4.1. Perceived significance of self-management | ||||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.3. Privacy |
Key word | Subject |
Context |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child* | Experience* | School | Chronic disease | ||
Synonyms | child* or young person* or teen* or adolescent* or pediatric* or paediatric* or pupil* or kid* or student* | experience* or perspective* or perception* or attitude* or feeling* or belief* or reality or phenom* or view* or understand* or barrier* or facilitate* or challenge* or determine* or considerate* or need* | school* or school-based or school nurse* or nurse teacher* or school health nursing* or peer* | chronic condition* or chronic disease* or chronic ill* or long-term condition* or asthma* or diabetes or diabetic or epilepsy* or seizure or cystic fibrosis or bronchiectasis or congenital heart or congenital cardiac or inflammatory bowel or Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis or chronic kidney disease or muscular dystrophy or spina bifida or chronic pain or cancer or malignant or leukemia or allergy or allergies or allergic or atopic dermatitis or atopy or arthritis or eczema or haematology* or hematology* or hemophilia* or haemophilia* or celiac or sickle | |
Inclusion criteria | • | Articles written and published in English | |||
• | Peer-reviewed published articles | ||||
• | Articles analyzing the school health care experiences of school-aged children and adolescents with chronic disease | ||||
• | In-press articles | ||||
Exclusion criteria | • | Articles that did not include children/school-aged participants | |||
• | Articles that did not analyze participants with chronic disease | ||||
• | Articles that did not deal with health care experiences at school | ||||
• | Articles involving hospitalized children, technically dependent children, or children with physical disabilities | ||||
• | Master's theses and doctoral dissertations, letters to the editor, conference presentation papers | ||||
• | Descriptive research, review research, and intervention research |
Author | Research design | Disease | Goal | Instruments | Country | Sample | Age (year) | Key findings | Themes and subthemes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yang et al., (2018) [1] | Qualitative: thematic analysis | Type I DM | To describe perceptions of adolescents with T1DM regarding the responses of their peers to their diabetes self-management in school settings | NA | Taiwan | 10 | 12~17 | Peers sought knowledge about diabetes in school | 1. Peer-related issues | |
Peers had curiosity, enthusiasm, and fearfulness regarding diabetes management in school | 1.1. Positive perception | |||||||||
Peers isolated adolescents with diabetes and bullied them in school | 1.2. Negative perception | |||||||||
Naman et al., (2018) [2] | Mixed-methods: grounded theory and survey | Asthma | To explore students' experiences with asthma care and perceptions of facilitators and barriers to care at school | Self-made: an informal questionnaire about asthma care practices, perceptions toward school asthma management | USA | 15 | 8~11 | Concerns about asthma management (37.5%) | 1. Peer-related issues | |
Negative impact of chronic disease on peer relationships (50%) | 1.1. Positive perception | |||||||||
Unhelpful school nurses | 1.2. Negative perception | |||||||||
Support of school staff and peers, self-confidence, and self-efficacy, perception for normal as facilitators in asthma management | 2. Safe school environment | |||||||||
Unsupportive school staff and peers and ineffective use of inhalers as barriers for asthma management | 2.3. Roles of the school nurse | |||||||||
3. Self-perception of existing disease | ||||||||||
3.3. Challenges of an existing disease | ||||||||||
4. Self-management | ||||||||||
4.3. Conducting self-management | ||||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers | ||||||||||
Haridasa et al., (2018) [3] | Qualitative: grounded theory | Sickle cell disease | To identify the perceptions of children with sickle cell disease in the school environment | NA | USA | 14 | Mean 8.18 | Difficulties in communication with peers and teachers | 1. Peer-related issues | |
Limited school activities due to their physical condition | 1.1. Positive perception | |||||||||
Administrative support for existing disease management | 1.2. Negative perception | |||||||||
Making up missed learning opportunities | 2. Safe school environment | |||||||||
Conducting self-management | 2.6. Administrative support | |||||||||
Need to improve peers' awareness of the disease | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
3.3. Challenges of an existing disease | ||||||||||
4. Self-management | ||||||||||
4.3. Conducting self-management | ||||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.4. Learning opportunities | ||||||||||
Sparapani et al., (2017) [4] | Qualitative: content analysis | Type I DM | To analyze the experiences of children with T1DM in self-managing the disease at school | NA | Brazil | 19 | 7~12 | Ineffective information-sharing for children's health among school teachers | 1. Peer related issues | |
Lack of knowledge of diabetes among teachers and peers | 1.2. Negative perception | |||||||||
Feeling support from school staff, peers, and medical staff | 2. Safe school environment | |||||||||
2.4. Training for school teachers | ||||||||||
2.5. Sharing of information and role delineation among school staff | ||||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers | ||||||||||
Ottosson et al., (2017) [5] | Quantitative: survey | Type I DM | To investigate whether children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes would report a higher quality of support in diabetes self-care | Self-made: an informal questionnaire about attitudes to diabetes care in school | Sweden | n=317 (2008), n=570 (2015) | 6~12 | Lack of confidence in managing | 2. Safe school environment | |
hypoglycemia among school staff (41%) | 2.1. Safe and convenient environment for medication and testing | |||||||||
Discomfort in taking medication (12%) | 2.4. Training for school teachers | |||||||||
Discrimination on the basis of a medical condition (14%) | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
Experiences of hypoglycemia at least once a week (84%) | 3.1. Experiences of symptoms and complications | |||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Discrimination on the basis of a medical condition | ||||||||||
Walker & Reznik, (2014) [6] | Qualitative | Asthma | To explore children's perceptions of the impact of in-school asthma management on physical activity | NA | USA | 23 | 8~10 | Experiences of asthma symptoms | 2. Safe school environment | |
Methods to control asthma and to prevent asthma during in-school physical activity | 2.1. Safe and convenient environment for medication and testing | |||||||||
Limited accessibility to asthma medication | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
Others' negative attitudes about use of the medication | 3.1. Experiences of symptoms and complications | |||||||||
3.3. Challenges of an existing disease | ||||||||||
4. Self-management | ||||||||||
4.3. Conducting self-management | ||||||||||
Sarnblad et al., (2014) [7] | Quantitative: survey | Type I DM | To investigate attitudes to diabetes care in school reported by children with type I diabetes, their parents, and their diabetes teams | Self-made: an informal questionnaire about attitudes to diabetes care in school | Sweden | 317 | 7~15 | Fear of hypoglycemia during class (18%) | 2. Safe school environment | |
Association between experiences of hypoglycemia and glycosylated hemoglobin | 2.5. Sharing of information and role delineation among school staff | |||||||||
Unsatisfactory multidisciplinary management in school (18%) | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
3.1. Experiences of symptoms and complications | ||||||||||
Blaakman et al., (2014) [8] | Qualitative: content analysis | Asthma | To understand urban teens' experiences with asthma management, preventive medication adherence, and participation in a school-based intervention | NA | USA | 28 | 12~15 | Awareness of the importance of medication adherence | 4. Self-management | |
Having trouble remembering to take medications | 4.1. Perceived significance of self-management | |||||||||
Barriers to medication adherence: other priorities such as social issues than taking medication | 4.2. Challenges and facilitators for self-management | |||||||||
Facilitators of medication adherence: good relationships with school nurses | ||||||||||
Existing facilitators and barriers to medication adherence in school | ||||||||||
Wang, Brown, & Honer, (2013) [9] | Qualitative: hermeneutical phenomenological approach | Type I DM | To investigate school-based lived experiences | NA | Taiwan | 14 | 12~17 | The point of distinction from peers | 1. Peer-related issues | |
Disguising their disease due to misunderstanding of the disease and immature response of peers | 1.3. Coping with peer-related issues | |||||||||
Temptation of high-calorie foods | 2. Safe school environment | |||||||||
Ineffective school health nursing care | 2.3. Roles of the school nurse | |||||||||
Awareness of the importance of self-management | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
3.3. Challenges of an existing disease | ||||||||||
4. Self-management | ||||||||||
4.1. Perceived significance of self-management | ||||||||||
4.2. Challenges and facilitators for self-management | ||||||||||
Tang, Chen, & Wang, (2013) [10] | Quantitative: survey | Type I DM | To investigate whether school support influences self-care behaviors and life satisfaction | Diabetes self-care behavior scale | Taiwan | 139 | 10~18 | School support for effective self-management and life satisfaction | 5. Supportive school environment | |
Perceived school support scale | 5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers | |||||||||
Life satisfaction scale | ||||||||||
Engelke et al., (2011) [11] | Quantitative: survey | Type I DM | To describe the impact of school nurse interventions on quality of life | PedsQL 3.0 Type I diabetes module | USA | 25 | 5~17 | Positive impact of care coordination by school nurses on increased quality of life of students (13〜 17 years old) | 2. Safe school environment | |
2.3. Roles of the school nurse | ||||||||||
Krenitsky-Korn, (2011) [12] | Quantitative: survey | Asthma | To investigate the correlation between the attitudes of high school students with and without asthma toward school health services | Self-made: an informal questionnaire about attitudes to and comfort with school nurse service、 school health services | USA | 28 | High school students | Higher satisfaction with support of school health care in adolescents with chronic diseases | 2. Safe school environment | |
Well-being through communication with school nurses and well-supported care by school nurses (56%) | 2.3. Roles of the school nurse | |||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers | ||||||||||
Wang, Brown, & Honer, (2010) [13] | Qualitative: hermeneutical phenomen- ological approach | Type I DM | To explore children's perceptions to manage their diabetes while at school | NA | Taiwan | 2 | 12,16 | Adolescents with diabetes learn diabetes management skills | 1. Peer-related issues | |
Seeking ways to feel comfortable in relationships with peers in school | 1.1. Positive perception | |||||||||
Trying to learn to not be different from peers | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
3.3. Challenges of an existing disease | ||||||||||
4. Self-management | ||||||||||
4.3. Conducting self-management | ||||||||||
Schwartz et al., (2010) [14] | Quantitative: survey | Type I DM | To identify the diabetes-related experiences of the children and adolescents, their parents, and their school personnel | Self-made: an informal questionnaire about diabetes-related experiences in school | USA | 80 | Kindergarten to 12th grade | Treated differently from other students (45%) | 1. Peer related issues | |
Unsupportive school environment (blame 37.5%, prevented from managing diabetes 29.1%) | 1.2. Negative perception | |||||||||
Embarrassed in front of other students (11.4%) | 4. Self-management | |||||||||
Challenges in managing self-management (23~28%) | 4.2. Challenges and facilitators for self-management | |||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers | ||||||||||
5.2. Discrimination on the basis of a medical condition | ||||||||||
Amillategui et al., (2009) [15] | Quantitative: survey | Type I DM | To identify the special needs of children with type 1 diabetes at primary school | Self-made: an informal questionnaire about general situation in management, worries about type 1 diabetes, possible actions to improve integration | Spain | 152 | 6~13 | Unassisted blood testing (53%) | 1. Peer related issues | |
Worries about not being able to administer insulin by oneself (60%) | 1.2. Negative perception | |||||||||
Insufficient preparation of glucagon in an emergency situation | 2. Safe school environment | |||||||||
Worries about not being able to recognize hypoglycemia (75%) | 2.2. Emergency response procedure | |||||||||
Recognition of physical education teacher a hypoglycemic episode (42%) | 2.4. Training for school teachers | |||||||||
Immature response among peers (18%) | 2.6. Administrative support | |||||||||
Usefulness of written information (88%) | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
Perception of difference with peers (38%) | 3.1. Experiences of symptoms and complications | |||||||||
3.3. Challenges of an existing disease | ||||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers | ||||||||||
Lehmkuhl & Nabors, (2008) [16] | Quantitative: survey | Type I DM | To assess children's perceptions of their satisfaction with support from school nurses, teachers, and friends. | Children's satisfaction with support from nurses, teachers, and classroom friends (revised How is School Scale) | USA | 23 | 8~14 | Higher satisfaction regarding care by school nurses compared with those of teachers and peers | 2. Safe school environment | |
Need for participation in after school activities | 2.3. Roles of school nurse | |||||||||
Negative impact of sadness and perception that it was less fair to have diabetes on glycosylated hemoglobin levels | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
Positive impact of a supportive school environment on glycosylated hemoglobin levels | 3.2. Negative emotion | |||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers | ||||||||||
5.4. Learning opportunities | ||||||||||
Engelke et al., (2008) [17] | Quantitative: survey | Asthma, diabetes, severe allergies, seizures, or sickle-cell anemia | To track the academic, health, and quality of life outcomes following the case management, by school nurses | PedsQL3.0SF22 asthma module | USA | 114 | 5~19 | Improvements in quality of life and gained skills and knowledge to manage their illness more effectively through case management by school nurses | 2. Safe school environment | |
2.3. Roles of the school nurse | ||||||||||
Smith et al., (2008) [18] | Qualitative: an iterative approach | Endocrine, rheumatology respimtory, and gastro-enterology | To examine the experiences and concerns of young people with chronic conditions in managing medication at school | NA | UK | 27 | 6~19 | Carrying their medication, keeping their medication at school | 1. Peer related issues | |
Privacy in administering medication | 1.1. Positive perception | |||||||||
Experiences of the side effects of medication | 1.2. Negative perception | |||||||||
Peers' understanding and help about taking medication, peers noticing hypoglycemia | 2. Safe school environment | |||||||||
Discomfort with recognition of their disease by other persons, skipping taking medication | 2.4. Training for school teachers | |||||||||
Medication training for school staffs | 2.5. Sharing of information and role delineation among school staffs | |||||||||
Understanding of taking medication for students with chronic disease among school staff | 3. Self-perception of existing disease | |||||||||
Sensitive responses to the needs of the children | 3.1. Experiences of symptoms and complications | |||||||||
4. Self-management | ||||||||||
4.1. Perceived significance of self-management | ||||||||||
5. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.1. Supportive school environment | ||||||||||
5.3. Privacy |
Themes | Subthemes |
---|---|
1. Peer-related issues | 1.1. Positive perception |
1.2. Negative perception | |
1.3. Coping with peer-related issues | |
2. Safe school environment | 2.1. Safe and convenient environment for medication and testing |
2.2. Emergency response procedure | |
2.3. Roles of the school nurse | |
2.4. Training for school professionals | |
2.5. Sharing of information and role delineation among school staff | |
2.6. Administrative support | |
3. Self-perception of an existing disease | 3.1. Experiences of symptoms and complications |
3.2. Negative emotion | |
3.3. Challenges of an existing disease | |
4. Self-management | 4.1. Perceived significance of self-management |
4.2. Challenges and facilitators for self-management | |
4.3. Conducting self-management | |
5. Supportive school environment | 5.1. Support by teachers, peers, and health care providers |
5.2. Discrimination on the basis of a medical condition | |
5.3. Privacy | |
5.4. Learning opportunities |
DM=Diabetes mellitus; T1DM=Type 1 diabetes mellitus; NA=Not applicable; USA=United States of America; UK=United Kingdom.