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Original Article

An Evolutionary Concept Analysis of Helicopter Parenting.

Yong-Wha Lee1, Ji-Hyun Kim2, So-Youn Yim3, Myung-Ock Chae4, Hye-Rim Lee5, Jina Oh6
Child Health Nursing Research 2014;20(4):237-246.
Published online: October 31, 2014
 

1 세한대학교 간호학과

2 한서대학교 간호학과

3 백석대학교 간호학과

4 청주대학교 간호학과

5 이화여자대학교 간호과학과 박사과정

6 인제대학교 간호학과, 건강과학연구소

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Corresponding author Ji-Hyun Kim Department of Nursing, Hanseo University, 46 Hanseo 1-ro, Seosan 356-706, Korea TEL + 82-41-660-1073 FAX + 82-41-660-1087 E-MAIL myhonors@hanseo.ac.kr
• Received: February 24, 2014   • Revised: June 23, 2014   • Accepted: August 16, 2014

Copyright © 2014 Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    Helicopter parenting is an emerging concept as a way of rearing adolescents and adult children. However, helicopter parenting from a nursing perspective has not been elucidated. Therefore, we undertook a concept analysis to understand the attributes, antecedents and consequences of helicopter parenting in the context of nursing.
  • Methods
    Using Rodgers’ evolutionary concept analysis, we analyzed literature on helicopter parenting to discover critical attributes, antecedents, and consequences of this phenomenon. Data were collected from seven electronic search engines. Twelve studies matching inclusion criteria were reviewed.
  • Results
    Three core attributes of helicopter parenting were hovering, highly deep involvement, and proxy decision making. The antecedents and consequences were retrieved from three important domains including social, parent, and child aspects. Surrogate terms were black hawk, hummingbird, and hovercraft parenting, and related terms were stealth fighter and Kamikaze parenting.
  • Conclusion
    Based on the results of this study, helicopter parenting has both positive and negative effects on both children and parents. To enhance the positive effects, measurement tools for helicopter parenting and nursing interventions on parenting need to be developed.
  • Key words: Concept formation, Parenting, Family relations, Adult children
  • 목적
    최근 들어 청소년기 후반부터 성인기 초기 자녀를 둔 부모들이 많이 보여주고 있는 헬리콥터 양육의 개념을 명확히 파악하고자 개념분석을 실시하였다. 기존의 양육방식과 구별되는 헬리콥터 양육의 속성을 추출하고, 이러한 현상이 나타나게 된 선행요인과 그 결과를 분석함으로써 사회문화적 동향에 발맞춘 간호지식 개발의 기초자료로 제공하고자 하였다.
  • 방법
    본 연구는 Rodgers (2000)의 진화론적 방법에 따른 개념분석 연구이다.
  • 결과
    본 연구의 포함기준을 충족한 연구논문 12편의 분석결과 헬리콥터 양육의 세 가지 속성은 주위를 맴돌기, 깊이 개입하기, 대신 결정하기로 밝혀졌으며, 대체용어로는 블랙호크 양육, 벌새 양육, 호버크래프트 양육이 도출되었고, 관련개념으로는 스텔스기 양육과 가미카제 양육이 확인되었다.
  • 결론
    경제 불황 및 취업난, 청소년 대상의 강력범죄율 증가, 통신기술의 발달 등으로 인하여 헬리콥터 양육이 출현하였다. 헬리콥터 양육은 청소년 및 성인기 자녀에게는 독립 실패 및 자존감 저하, 불안, 우울, 강박증을 발현시키고 부모에게는 소진과 삶의 만족도 저하라는 면에서 부정적인 면이 있다. 하지만 부모와 자녀 간의 정서적, 심리적 밀착으로 인한 안정감, 경제적 도움 등의 긍정적인 면도 있다. 따라서 부정적인 영향은 감소시키고 긍정적 효과를 유도할 수 있는 중재프로그램의 개발이 필요하다.
  • Key words: 개념분석, 헬리콥터 부모, 양육, 부모자녀 관계, 청소년 후기
연구의 필요성
양육은 주 양육자인 부모가 자녀를 돌보는 활동으로 부모의 건전한 양육 방식은 자녀의 성장과 발달에 중요한 영향을 미친다(Nam & You, 2007). 최근 사회 환경 및 가족 구성의 다양한 변화, 특히 자녀수의 급감 등으로 과보호적 양육 행동을 보이는 부모가 늘고 있는데, 이러한 경향은 자녀가 성인이 된 후에도 지속되어 부모가 자녀의 일상은 물론 더 나아가 삶 전체에 대한 간섭을 멈추지 않아 자녀가 부모에게 점차 더 의존하게 되는 장기적 문제를 초래하기도 한다(Kim, 2011). 과보호적으로 자녀를 양육하는 부모는 평소 자신의 아이가 경험하게 되는 상황을 지나치게 간섭, 감독하는 것뿐만 아니라 성인인 부모의 잣대에 준하여 못마땅한 자녀의 행동을 제한하고 지시를 내리는 강제성을 띄기도 한다(Coplan, Reichel, & Rowan, 2009). 이에 자녀는 스스로 문제 상황을 통제하는 기회가 박탈되어 추후 다양하게 접하게 될 사회적 갈등을 해결할 수 있는 능력이 약화되고 더 나아가 억압되거나 내재되었던 공격성을 표출시키기도 한다(Kang, 2012). 이는 부모의 잘못된 양육방식이 자녀의 심리 사회적 적응 및 건강뿐 아니라 심신 건강에도 부정적인 결과를 초래할 수 있음을 시사한다.
부모의 과보호적 양육은 특히 청소년 후기의 자녀에게 취약한데, Cline과 Fay (1990)는 청소년 후기에 도달한 자녀의 일상을 과도하게 간섭하고, 자녀 곁을 떠나지 않으며 항시 맴도는 부모를 일컬어 ‘헬리콥터 부모’라 명명하였다. 여기서 청소년 후기는 현재 우리나라의 만 18세까지를 아동·청소년기로 정의하는 법적인 관점을 좀 더 확대시켜 볼 필요가 있다. Kim과 Song (2013)은 14세까지를 청소년 전기, 17세까지를 청소년 중기, 그리고 22세까지를 청소년 후기로 보았다. 이렇게 확대된 연령상 청소년 후기는 우리나라에서 고등학교 졸업 후 사회인이 되거나, 대학에 입학하여 대학생활을 하는 연령대까지도 부모가 양육하는 대상자로서의 아동 · 청소년을 포함시킨다.
헬리콥터 부모의 청소년 후기 자녀에 대한 영향은 최근 국내 · 외 뉴스의 사회면에서 더 이슈화되었다. 예를 들어, 대학 입학에서 수강 신청 시기에 이르기까지 부모들이 며칠씩 자녀의 학교 주변을 맴돌며 조정하거나 간섭하고 있으며(Gabriel, 2010; Lee, 2013a), 졸업반이 되어 취업을 하는 과정은 물론이고 취업된 자녀의 연봉 협상에까지 부모가 관여하고 있어 대책이 시급하다고 하였다(Lee, 2013b; Peluchette, Kovanic, & Patridge, 2013). 그러나 국내에서는 아직까지 ‘헬리콥터 양육’이란 어휘 사용 자체가 생소하고, 특히 헬리콥터 양육과 관련된 간호학적 접근의 연구는 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구자들은 날로 증가하는 헬리콥터 양육 대상자인 청소년 후기 자녀가 경험하는 건강 문제와 관련되는 사회적인 영향 등을 파악, 중재하기 위해 우선적으로 헬리콥터 양육에 대한 개념분석이 명확하게 선행되어야 한다고 판단하였다.
개념분석은 복잡하고 애매모호한 현실 세계를 좀 더 명확하게 정의함으로써 현상에 대한 이론개발과 학문의 지식기반 발달을 위한 기초를 제공한다(Walker & Avant, 2005). 거의 알려지지 않은 새로운 개념을 파악하기 위해서는 보통 Walker와 Avant의 개념분석 방법이 유용하나, 본 연구의 주제인 헬리콥터 양육은 어찌 보면 전통적인 양육(parenting)이라는 개념이 시대의 흐름에 따라 파생된 것으로 간주된다. Rodgers (2000)는 간호 현상이란 정체되어 있지 않고 계속 변화하며, 보편적이고 절대적이기보다는 맥락적인 것이기에 시대에 따라 융통성 있게 개념을 정의해야 한다고 하였고, 이러한 Rodgers의 진화론적 개념분석 방법이 더욱 적합하다고 판단되었다.
이에 본 연구에서는 Rogers (2000)의 진화론적 방법에 따라 헬리콥터 양육과 관련된 문헌들을 고찰하고, 헬리콥터 양육이란 개념이 나타나게 된 사회 · 문화적 맥락을 고려하여 선행요인과 결과를 파악, 헬리콥터 양육이 정확히 무엇인지 이해하고자 한다. 본 연구를 통해 밝혀진 헬리콥터 양육의 개념분석 결과는 사회 · 문화적 시대 동향에 발맞춘 자녀 양육의 일 형태에 관한 지식 개발에 있어서 기초 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.
연구자 준비
연구자들은 다양한 개념분석 문헌을 주의 깊게 고찰한 후 Rodgers (2000)의 진화론적 방법이 가장 적합하다는 데 의견일치를 보았다. 또한 진화론적 방법을 포함하여(De Gagné & Oh, 2012; Kim, Oh, & Lee, 2013) 개념분석 연구 논문을 다수 게재한 연구자들의 경험을 바탕으로 관련 문헌에 중점을 두고 숙지하며 정기적인 연구모임과 심도 깊은 토의를 통해 연구를 시행하였다.
개념분석 과정
Rodgers (2000)의 진화론적 방법과 다른 개념분석방법과의 차이점은 분석의 엄격성을 높이려는 노력이다. 즉, 분석활동이 동시에 일어나기보다는 단계를 성취하는 것인데, 이에 따른 본 연구의 구체적인 연구과정은 다음과 같다.

  • 1) 관심개념과 연관표현을 확인하여 연구의 목적을 분명히 한다.

  • 2) 자료수집의 기간과 분야를 확인하고 포함기준과 제외기준을 선택한다.

  • 3) 개념의 속성(attributes)과 맥락적 근거를 규명하기 위해 관련된 자료를 수집한다.

  • 4) 개념의 속성과 맥락적 근거를 자료 분석을 통해 규명한다.

  • 5) 개념의 명확성을 제공하기 위하여 모델 사례를 제시한다.

  • 6) 개념의 대체용어(surrogate terms)와 관련 개념(related terms)을 분석하여 개념을 명료화한다.

  • 7) 개념발달과 실무적용을 위한 가설과 함의를 규명한다.

관심개념의 확인

개념분석의 첫 번째 단계로 ‘헬리콥터 양육’이라는 개념의 속성과 맥락적 근거를 확인하기 위하여 헬리콥터 양육과 유사한 표현을 확인하며 연구의 목적을 분명히 하였다. 우선 양육의 대상 연령은 청소년 후기라고 할 수 있는 18-23세 대학생 자녀로 제한하였는데, 이는 앞서 밝힌 Cine과 Fay (1990)의 정의에 근거할 뿐만 아니라 본 연구자들도 17세 이하의 청소년 중기까지는 일상생활과 선택 등에 있어 부모의 적극적인 개입이 비교적 많은 시기라고 판단하였기 때문이다.

선택기준의 선정

헬리콥터 양육의 개념을 분석하기 위하여 관련된 실증적인 논문(empirical study)을 위주로 양적, 질적 연구를 폭넓게 고찰하였다. 본 연구에서 선정한 논문의 구체적인 포함기준과 제외기준은 다음과 같다.

  • ◆ 포함기준 - 논문 주요어가 헬리콥터 양육(helicopter parenting)인 것으로 2000년 1월부터 2013년 9월까지 발표된 논문

    • - 영어 또는 한글로 저술된 논문

    • - 심사위원의 심사를 거친 학술지 논문과 학위논문

  • ◆ 제외기준 - 각종 보고서, 학술대회 발표논문

    • - 아동기의 일반적인 자녀 양육과 관련된 논문

    • - 자녀에 대한 단순한 과잉보호만을 언급한 논문

    • - 자녀의 학습지도에 국한된 논문

자료의 수집

2000년 1월부터 2013년 9월까지 발표된 논문을 대상으로 ‘ helicopter parenting’을 주요어로 입력하여 한국교육학술정보원(www.riss4u. co.kr), 학술정보원(kiss.kstudy.com) 및 CINAHL, EBSCO, Eric, PubMed, SCOPUS 등 7개 국내외 데이터베이스를 검색하였다. 검색엔진을 통해 69개의 논문이 발견되었으며 중복논문을 삭제하고 포함기준과 제외기준을 엄격히 적용한 결과 63개의 논문을 제외하고 6개 논문이 선정되었다. 참고문헌 추적 등의 수기 방법으로 찾은 6개의 논문을 추가하여, 최종 12개 논문을 자료 분석에 이용하였다.

자료의 분석

대상 논문을 읽고 매트릭스 방법을 사용하여 정리하였다(Garrard, 2013). 구조화된 분석 매트릭스는 연구 분야, 연구 설계, 연구대상자, 주요 연구결과 등으로 구분하여 기술하고 표로 제시하였다(Table 1). 또한 헬리콥터 양육의 속성을 발견하기 위하여 주요 질문을 하고 답을 구하면서 각 논문에서 제시한 개념의 정의와 특성을 중심으로 함축하고 있는 공통점을 분석하고 통합하였다. 맥락적 근거를 규명하기 위하여 선행요인(antecedents)과 결과(consequences)를 도출하는 과정에서 밝혀진 요인들을 모두 찾아내어 이들 개념에 앞서거나 이어서 진행된 상황, 사건, 현상이 어떤 것이었는지를 확인하였다.
Table 1.
Chronological Literature Review Matrix on Papers Related to Helicopter Parenting
First author (year) Source Domain Research design Participants (n/age) Key findings
Padilla- Walker et al. (2012)1) Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1177-1190. Adolescent Descriptive study Undergraduate students (438/mean=19.7) their parents (679) •HP was positively associated with behavioral and psychological control, relationship, but negatively with parental autonomy school engagement.
Hunt (2008)2) The Journal of Academic Administration in Higher Education, 4(1), 9-11. Higher education Review No •Helicopter parents are influencing the entire university from the prospecting stage before the application process, campus housing, relationships with academic advisors and faculty.
Fingerman et al. (2012a)3) Journal of Marriage and Family, 74, 880-896. Family relation Exploratory study No •The Baby Boomers are typically more involved with their children than with their aging parents; Boomers'personal values, family members' needs, and personal rewards shape decisions about support.
Howe et al. (2008b)4) General Insight, 1-10. Business Review No •Most employers will naturally react to this sort of intrusion by treating the parents like a disruptive nuisance.
Fingerman et al. (2012b)5) The Gerontologist, 52(2), 199-209. Family relation Descriptive study Middle-aged parents with child over 18-years old (633/65-75, 42-60) •These relationships will have implications for the well-being affect the child's significant relationships, and may influence the likelihood that this child will come forward later in life when the parent needs care.
Peluchette et al. (2013)6) Business Horizons, BUSHOR-1060, 9 Business Review No •HP is widespread phenomenon.
•Employers are responding to this issue and proactive in dealing with the issue.
Segrin et al. (2012)7) Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 61, 237-252. Family relation Descriptive study Parents with adult children (538/mean=50.8) •Over-parenting is associated with lower quality of parent-child communication and adult child's success.
LeMoyne et al. (2011)8) Sociological Spectrum, 31, 399-418. Sociology Descriptive study College students (317/mean=19.1) •HP is negatively related to well-being.
•HP related to have prescription for either anxiety or depression and take pain pills for something other than pain.
Somers et al. (2010a)9) College & University, 86(1), 18-27. Higher education Qualitative study Students affairs professionals (190) •HP increases during students’ last year of college as they begin the graduate school application and/or job hunt process.
Somers et al. (2010b)10) College & University, 86(2), 2-9. Higher education Qualitative study Students affairs professionals (190) •This study identified seven factors that explain the increase in helicopter parenting and how to apply policies based on helicopter parent types.
Schiffrin et al. (2013)11) Journal of Child Family Study. DOI 10.1007/s10 826-013-9716-3 Child & family psychology Descriptive study College students (297/18-23) •HP behaviors were associated with lower levels of perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness therefore, higher levels of depression and de creased satisfaction with life.
Furstenburg et al. (2004)12) Contexts, 3(3). Sociology Review No •After 21C, young adults are taking long time to build up their higher education credentials and practical skills to secure a full-time job.
•Because of the growing cost of college and housing forces, many young adult children continue to receive support from their parents even after they begin working.

A superscript number of each paper is unique number given by authors.

HP=Helicopter parenting.

모델사례의 확인

모델사례의 목적은 개념의 속성, 선행요인, 결과를 맥락에 관련하여 명확하게 보여주기 위한 예를 제공하는 것인데, 진화론적 개념분석에서 모델사례는 연구자에 의해 구성되기보다는 귀납적으로 확인되는 것이다(Rodgers, 2000). 본 연구에서는 헬리콥터 양육에 관한 신문기사를 바탕으로 개념의 모델사례를 제시하였다.

대체용어와 관련개념 분석

Rodgers (2000)의 진화론적 개념분석에서는 대체용어와 관련 개념을 정의하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 연구자들은 각 논문마다 분석한 내용을 상세히 기록하고 이를 다시 점검하면서 속성의 집합이 다르게 표현되어 개념을 보다 잘 정의하는 데 도움이 되는 대체용어를 정리하였다. 그리고 개념의 중요한 속성을 일부 포함하고 있거나 비슷하지만 그 개념과 동일하지는 않은 관련 개념에 대해 서술하였다.

가설과 함의의 규명

마지막으로 가설과 함의를 규명하는 과정에서 기존의 다양한 이론과 모델을 검토하여 본 연구와의 적합성을 살펴보았고, 자료의 속성에서 밝혀진 선행요인, 결과, 그리고 속성을 보다 이해하기 쉽게 개념모형으로 제시하였다.
본 연구의 포함기준을 충족한 연구논문 총 12편을 매트릭스 방법으로 분류한 결과, 대상 논문의 학문 분야는 청소년 ∙ 가족 5편, 교육 3편, 비즈니스 2편, 사회학 2편이었으며, 연구 설계는 서술적 조사연구가 5편, 탐색연구 3편, 종설연구 4편이었다. 연구대상자의 연령분포는 18-23세였으며, 주요 연구결과는 Table 1에 제시하였다. 통합적 고찰결과 밝혀진 속성과 헬리콥터 양육의 선행요인과 결과는 Figure 1에서 헬리콥터를 상징화하여 은유적으로 표현하였다.
Figure 1.
Conceptual framework of helicopter parenting.
chnr-20-4-237f1.jpg
개념의 속성
개념분석은 그 속성을 찾아내는 과정을 통해 분석된 개념을 일반화시킬 수 있어야 한다(Walker & Avant, 2005). 본 연구의 주요 질문으로는 “헬리콥터 양육이란 무엇인가?”, “헬리콥터 양육의 특징 또는 성격은 무엇인가?”였다. 이로써 주위를 맴돌기(hovering), 깊이 개입하기(highly deep involvement), 대신 결정하기(proxy decision-making)라는 헬리콥터 양육의 3가지 주요 속성이 밝혀졌다(Table 2).
Table 2.
Attributes of Helicopter Parenting
Attribute Contents
Hovering Attending a college orientation with adolescent children1,4)
Living with adult children after college graduation4,5,9,12)
Going with adolescent children for job interview or seminar1,2,4,6,7,9)
Control of adolescent children using mobile or SNS1-5,10)
Highly deep involvement Interfere in selection of college courses1,4,8,9)
Monitoring college credits and school life1,2,4,8,10)
Visiting adolescent children's academic advisors or deans3,10,11)
Calling personnel department to get a job2,4,6,9)
Engagement in salary negotiations2,4,6)
Complaining about an employee performance review4,6)
Proxy decision making Surrogate decision making of college major and career1,4,6,8,9,10)
Demanding adult children to change their fiance/fiancee4)
Demanding adolescent & adult children's obedience2,6-8,11)
Hindering of adolescent & adult children's autonomy1,2,5-9,11)

Superscript numbers are unique number given by authors, as indicated in Table 1.

주위를 맴돌기

헬리콥터 양육은 부모가 청소년 후기의 자녀를 독립시키지 않고 계속 주변을 맴돌며 지켜보며 자녀의 일상을 함께 한다.4) 구체적으로는 대학 입학 오리엔테이션에 함께 참석하고,1) 대학 졸업 이후에도 함께 거주하며 취업이나 진학과 관련된 면접에 동행하고,9) 취업 세미나에 함께 참석하고,1) 멀리 떨어져 있을 때에는 휴대폰 등의 통신수단을 이용하여 자녀의 일상을 통제한다.2) 즉, 성인이 되려는 자녀를 놓아주기를 꺼려하고 어디에서 무엇을 하는지 파악하며 자녀 주변에 근접해 있는 것이다.

깊이 개입하기

깊이 개입하기는 부모가 청소년 후기 자녀의 모든 생활에 일거수일투족 깊이 개입하는 것이다. 예를 들면, 대학에서 수강할 과목에 대해 조언하고, 성적과 생활을 확인하고,1) 담당교수나 학장에게 직접 연락한다.10) 자녀의 이력서를 대신 작성하고, 취업 면접관에게 자녀의 고용당위성을 설명한다. 취업 후에는 연봉 협상에 관여하고,6) 자녀에 대한 회사의 부정적인 평가에 대해 항의도 한다.4) 즉, 부모가 자녀의 연령이나 발달단계에 맞지 않게 과도한 통제와 개입을 일삼는다1)

대신 결정하기

헬리콥터 양육의 마지막 속성은 대신 결정하기이다. 적성이나 요구에 대한 자녀의 의사를 고려하지 않고 부모가 자녀의 진로 방향을 결정하고1), 대학이나 전공은 물론 수강할 과목을 대신 지정하며, 취업관련 세미나 등에 참여하여 자녀의 직업과 회사를 결정한다. 심지어 자녀의 결혼상대자를 바꾸라고도 한다.4) 즉, 자녀가 스스로 문제를 해결하는 것을 방해하고, 부모가 대신 문제를 해결하며,6,7) 자녀로 하여금 즉시 부모의 지시에 따르도록 한다9)
개념의 선행요인
선행요인은 개념이 발생하기 이전에 일어나는 어떤 일이나 사건으로써(Rodgers, 2000), 개념과 관련된 이전의 현상이 무엇이었는지 확인하는 것이다(De Gagné & Oh, 2012). 본 연구에서는 선행요인을 밝히기 위하여 “헬리콥터 양육을 하게 된 배경은 무엇인가?”, “헬리콥터 양육을 하도록 만드는 선행된 요인은 무엇인가?”의 두 질문을 끊임없이 하고 이를 확인하고자 하였다. 이에 따라 밝혀진 선행요인은 사회, 부모, 자녀의 세 가지 측면의 수준으로 구분되었다.

사회 측 요인

인구의 증가와 경쟁 위주의 사회 현상은 좋은 대학에 입학하는 것을 중요하게 여기게 되었으며, 학령기부터 대학 진학 준비를 하도록 부추기게 되었고 이를 위해 무리한 이주를 결정하는 등으로 나타났다.1) 그리고 1980-1990년대는 미국 사회가 아동 성폭력, 학교폭력 등의 문제가 다발하였던 시기로 자녀의 안전이 위협받게 되어 과잉보호를 하게 되었다.6,7) 또한 컴퓨터나 스마트폰 등 통신기술의 발달은 자녀의 일상을 끊임없이 간섭할 수 있는 통로를 제공했다고 할 수 있다4)

부모 측 요인

헬리콥터 부모는 베이비부머세대(1946-1964년 출생)로, 당시는 급격한 산업화가 진행되면서 그들 부모로부터 충분한 돌봄을 경험하지 못했다. 즉, 방과 후에도 집에 홀로 있었던 기억들이 그들로 하여금 자녀들을 충분히 돌보고자 하는 욕구를 갖도록 하였다6)

자녀 측 요인

18-19세에 청소년기를 마감하고 20세에는 성인기에 진입한다는 과거의 함의와는 달리 Hunt (2008)는 26세에 성인기가 시작된다고 주장하고 있고,2) 청소년기가 18세에서 34세까지 걸쳐져 35세 이후에 성인기가 시작된다는 의견도 대두되고 있다.12) 즉, 이전 세대와는 달리 대학 졸업 후에도 다시 부모에게로 돌아가 부모와 함께 생활하며 직업탐색을 시작하고 독립한 성인으로서의 삶을 지연하고 있다는 것이다. Segrin, Woszidlo, Givertz, Bauer와 Murphy (2012)의 보고에 따르면 대학을 졸업한 자녀의 43%가 집에서 그들의 부모와 함께 살고 있으며, 집으로 돌아가 살고 있지 않는 경우에도 그들 부모로부터 재정적 보조를 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다7)
개념의 결과
개념에 의하여 결과적으로 발생한 일이나 사건을 개념의 결과라고 한다(Walker & Avant, 2005). 본 연구에서 헬리콥터 양육과 관련된 결과가 무엇인지 규명하기 위하여 다음과 같은 질문을 하였다. “헬리콥터 양육의 결과로서 무슨 일이 발생하였는가?” 또는 “헬리콥터 양육의 결과로 어떤 변화가 있었는가?”라는 물음을 통해 밝혀진 결과는 선행요인과 마찬가지로 3가지 측면으로 구분되었다(Figure 1).

사회 측 결과

부모가 자녀의 삶에 적극적으로 개입하는 성향을 보이자, 학교, 대학, 군대, 회사에서는 자녀뿐만 아니라 부모까지 관리대상으로 선정하는 공동대응 전략을 구사하게 되었다.4) 군대나 회사 홈페이지에 부모들을 위한 섹션을 따로 만들어 부모가 관심을 갖는 항목에 대한 정보를 제공하고, 부모 초대 행사를 실시했으며, 취업지원자 및 부모 모두에게 근무조건에 대해 설명하는 편지를 발송하였다. 부모들은 이러한 노력을 기울이는 군대와 회사에 자녀가 지원하도록 격려하면서 직장생활을 도와주었기 때문에 군대와 회사에서는 긍정적인 효과를 얻어내고 있다4,6)

부모 측 결과

헬리콥터 양육을 하던 부모는 결국 자녀 진로를 대신 결정하고, 대학생활과 직장생활에도 직접적이고 적극적으로 개입하는 양상을 보인다.1,6) 대학 진학과 직업 선택을 대신 결정해주고, 학교나 회사에서 문제가 생기면 담당자를 만나서 어떻게 대처할지에 대해 적극적으로 행동한다.

자녀 측 결과

헬리콥터 양육을 받아온 자녀는 성인으로서 성숙하지 못하고, 삶의 만족도가 저하되는 모습을 확인할 수 있었다.1,4,6,8) 성인으로서 책임을 미루고 다른 사람에게 의존하고, 부모에게서 독립하지 못하며 학교에 적응하지 못하기도 한다. 부모의 간섭에서 벗어나고자 하며 이로 인해 부모 자녀 간의 의사소통이 결여되고 부모와의 친밀감이 저하되며 불안, 우울, 문제 행동이 나타나기도 한다.
개념의 모델사례
헬리콥터 양육의 개념을 전형적으로 보여주는 모델사례를 제시하면 다음과 같다.

모델사례 1

A대학의 한 교수는 얼마 전 학부모로부터 전화 한 통화를 받았다. 학부모는 자녀의 출석 여부를 확인해 달라고 요구하였는데, 다짜고짜 “우리 아들이 어제 학교를 빼먹은 것 같다. 실제로 강의를 들었는지 출석을 확인해 줄 수 있느냐?”고 물었다. 교수는 출석 여부를 알려줄 수 없다고 학부모의 요구를 거절하며 응대하는 데 진땀을 뺐다(Lee, 2013b).

모델사례 2

B양은 지역의 무명대학에 장학생으로 합격했으나 장학금 없이 연간 2,500만 원 이상의 학비가 들더라도 명문대학으로 진학해야 된다는 부모의 의견에 따라 명문대학에 입학했다. 입학 후 부모는 딸의 자취방에 수시로 드나들며 사생활을 감시하였고, B양이 이에 반발하자 학비지원을 끊겠다며 협박하고, 딸의 휴대전화와 노트북 등에 추적 장치를 달아 일거수일투족을 감시하였다. B양은 법원에서 ‘목줄에 묶인 개가 된 기분’이라는 표현을 쓰며 자신의 심정을 증언하였고, 부모가 자신에게 접근하지 못하도록 막아달라는 소송을 제기하였다(Jang, 2012).
개념의 대체용어와 관련 개념
대체용어(surrogate terms)는 용어를 대체할 수 있는 것으로서 비슷하거나 같은 의미로 용어를 대체하여도 의미에 변화가 없는 것을 뜻하며(Rodgers, 2000), 관련개념(related concepts)은 분석한 개념과 관련성은 있으나 같은 속성을 나누지는 않기 때문에 자세히 살펴보면 미묘한 차이가 있는 것을 의미한다(Walker & Avant, 2005). 본 연구에서 파악된 헬리콥터 양육의 대체용어와 관련개념을 제시하면 다음과 같다.

헬리콥터 양육의 대체용어

블랙호크 양육(Black hawk parenting),1) 벌새 양육(Hummingbirds parenting),8) 호버크래프트 양육(Hovercrafts parenting)8)이 헬리콥터 양육과 혼용할 수 있는 대체용어라고 할 수 있다. 블랙호크는 1978년부터 미국 육군에서 사용하는 헬리콥터로서, 헬리콥터를 의미하는 대표용어로 통용된다.1) 벌새는 꽃 주변을 맴돌다가 공중에서 정지하여 부리로 꽃을 콕콕 찍어 꿀을 채취하는데,8) 자녀 곁에 머물면서 생활에 개입하고 대신 결정하는 부모의 모습을 묘사한다고 생각되어 대체용어로 적합하다고 사료된다. 호버크래프트는 수륙양용선박으로써 바다에서나 육지에서 둘 다 사용되는 선박을 통칭하며,8) 부모가 때와 장소를 가리지 않고 자녀를 쫓아다니며 보호, 감시하는 모습을 묘사하여 대체 용어라고 볼 수 있다.

헬리콥터 양육의 관련개념

관련개념으로는 스텔스기 양육(Stealth fighters parenting)8)과 가미카제 양육(Kamigaze parenting)2)을 확인할 수 있었다. 스텔스기는 비행 시 자신의 위치를 감추고 접근하여 상대방에게 폭격을 가하는 전투기이며, 가미카제 부대는 제2차 세계대전에서 일본에서 출발한 자폭부대로 죽음을 무릅쓰고 상대방을 공격하는 부대였다. 스텔스기 양육과 가미카제 양육은 헬리콥터 양육보다 한 단계 더 나아가서 자녀에게 위해가 되는 상황이나 사람을 직접적으로 공격하는 양육의 형태이다. 헬리콥터 양육이 극단적으로 발현되면 스텔스기 양육으로 발전하며,8) 대학 내 상담자나 직원들을 직접 접촉하여 무례하게 따지고 부모의 의사를 강압적으로 관철하여 직원들을 찡그리게 하는 부모가 가미카제 부모이다.2) 그러므로 이 두 가지 개념은 헬리콥터 양육의 극단적인 측면만 부각되었기에 관련 용어로 분류하였다.
본 연구는 최근 이슈가 되고 있는 헬리콥터 양육의 이해를 돕고 향후 간호학적인 접근을 위하여 Rodgers (2000)의 진화론적 방법으로 개념을 분석하였다. 개념분석 결과 헬리콥터 양육은 자녀 주변을 맴돌기, 자녀 문제에 깊이 개입하기, 대신 결정하기의 주요 속성이 있음이 밝혀졌다. 이에 선행요인, 속성, 결과의 맥락적인 흐름을 논하고, 모델사례, 대체용어와 관련개념을 확인함으로써 헬리콥터 양육의 속성을 더욱 깊이 살펴보고 헬리콥터 양육의 결과로 발생할 수 있는 건강문제와 간호중재의 측면을 논의하고자 한다.
먼저 헬리콥터 양육이 나타나게 된 선행요인으로 사회 측, 부모 측, 자녀 측의 3가지 요인들이 확인되었는데, 경제적 변화, 높아진 강력범죄율 등의 사회적 요인이 부모에게 불안요인으로 작용하였으며 이 불안요인으로 인한 양육태도가 과거에 비해 자녀 스스로 성인기로 진입하는 시기를 늦추고 결국에는 자녀가 끊임없이 부모에게 의존하는 결과를 초래한 것으로 보인다. 본 연구에서 고찰한 헬리콥터 부모들은 미국의 베이비부머 세대로서 갑작스런 인구 증가에 따른 일자리 부족으로 경제적 어려움을 겪으며 치열한 경쟁 사회를 살아왔다(Peluchette et al., 2013). 이로 인해 본인의 자녀만큼은 경제적으로 안정된 삶을 살기 바랐기에 더 좋은 대학에 진학하고, 더 좋은 학점을 취득하여 더 좋은 직장에 취업하게 하고 싶은 욕구를 갖게 되었다. 이러한 욕구는 부모가 성인기 초기로 진입하는 청소년 자녀를 스스로 결정권을 행사할 수 있는 독립체로 인정하지 못하고, 고등학교 졸업 후에도 자녀를 정서적, 경제적, 사회적으로 떠나지 않으며, 끊임없이 학교생활과 사회생활 전반에 걸쳐 간섭과 개입을 하도록 유도하였다. 이러한 현상은 국내 현실과도 유사한데, 더 좋은 직장에 취업하기 위해 대학 졸업 후 국내외 대학원 진학을 통해 고학력을 취득하고 다양한 스펙을 쌓도록 노력하는 과정에 부모 또한 시간과 물질을 대량으로 투자하며 함께 고군분투하고 있다(Cho, 2012; Cho, 2013).
1980년대 이후 미국 사회에서 빈발하고 있는 학교 폭력과 총기사고는 자녀들에 대한 부모의 불안을 증폭시키는 계기가 되었다(Peluchette et al., 2013). 최근 국내에서도 성폭력을 포함하여 직장 내 왕따 등의 폭력이 빈발하고 있는 실정이며(Yoon & Lee, 2013) 이는 남자보다 여자 자녀를 둔 부모에게 상대적인 불안심리가 커서 그들에게 더 많은 통제와 간섭을 할 수 있다(Lee, 2012). 또한 한자녀 가정의 증가는 한 명밖에 없는 소중한 자녀를 양육하는 부모의 불안과 심리적 압박을 가중시키고 있다고 생각된다. 자녀의 안전과 안녕에 문제가 발생할 수도 있다고 여겨지는 이러한 사회적 환경은 부모로 하여금 초중등 학교를 넘어 청소년 중기인 고등학교 과정에서도 등하교를 함께 하는 현상을 초래하게 하였으며, 대학생이 된 이후에도 등하교나 귀가 시간 등을 통제하게 되었다.
전 세계적으로 디지털 문명이 인터넷망으로 연결되면서 잦은 전화 통화는 물론이고 각종 문자 메시지 시스템이나 Social Networking Ser-vice (SNS) 등을 통해 실시간으로 자녀에게 지시를 내리고 또, 자녀의 일상을 확인하며 통제하는 것이 가능해졌다. 우리나라의 경우 전국적으로 초고속 인터넷망이 확산되었고 지속적으로 스마트폰의 보급률 및 활용률의 증가로 인해 디지털 시스템을 활용한 부모의 자녀 통제가 증가되었다고 여겨진다. Hunt (2008)는 이러한 현상을 야기한 스마트폰과 인터넷 등을 ‘태초의 제대줄’이라고 명명하기도 하였다. 그러나 부모의 과잉 간섭과 통제적 양육방식이 결과적으로 청소년과 대학생의 스마트폰, 휴대폰, 인터넷 중독에 영향을 미친다는 부정적인 보고가 있어(Choi, Choi, & Ahn, 2011; Yoo & Kwon, 2011) 자녀를 보호하고자 하는 부모의 의도와는 다르게 자녀의 건강에 오히려 위해요소가 되고 있다.
헬리콥터 양육의 주요 속성인 ‘주위를 맴돌기’, ‘깊이 개입하기’, ‘대신 결정하기’는 청소년이 지각한 어머니의 과보호 척도를 개발한 국내 연구들에서 개념적 유사점을 확인할 수 있었는데, 부모의 청소년 자녀에 대한 과보호를 ‘혼자 할 수 있는 기회의 박탈’, ‘부모의 엄격한 통제와 관리’, ‘유아 취급’, ‘지나치게 보호하고 돌봐줌’, ‘지나친 접촉과 허용’, ‘부모자녀 일체감’ 등으로 표현하고 있었다(Chung & Chang, 2008). 부모의 과보호는 또한 우리나라에서 자녀의 진로나 취업 결정에 간섭하는 데 그치지 않고 자녀의 결혼상대자 선택에까지 관여하고 있는 것으로도 보고되었다(Cho, 2012; Cho, 2013; Jung, 2012; Lee, 2013b; Yoo & Kwon, 2011). 이는 헬리콥터 양육이 가족 내 부모, 자녀 간 관계로 보는 측면에서 더 나아가 사회적인 관점으로도 봐야 함을 시사한다. 헬리콥터 양육의 영향을 가장 많이 받는다고 할 수 있는 교육 현장을 포함, 헬리콥터 양육을 통해 성장한 세대의 취업 현장인 직장에서도 이러한 양육 현상을 긍정적인 방향으로 견인하고자 하는 노력이 필요하다고 생각된다.
일례로 최근 학교, 대학, 군대, 회사에서는 자녀뿐만 아니라 부모까지 관리대상으로 선정하는 공동대응 전략을 구사하게 되었다(Howe & Strauss, 2008). 헬리콥터 양육이 간과할 수 있는 일시적 현상이 아님을 인식하고 학교와 기업이 이에 대처할 수 있는 방법을 모색하게 된 것이다. Howe와 Strauss (2008)4)는 자녀의 삶에 깊이 개입하고 대신 결정하는 헬리콥터 부모를 적절히 활용한다면 기업의 채용과 생산성 유지에 있어 긍정적인 자산이 될 수 있음을 강조하면서 부모의 관심을 지지하고 협조함으로써 젊은 직장인인 자녀의 마음을 끌어당기고 고용을 유지하는 데 효과적인 강점을 가지게 될 것이라고 하였다. 그리하여 진로결정, 취업에 부모가 영향을 미치는 점을 고려하여 학교, 회사 홈페이지에 부모를 위한 부분을 만들어 부모에게 학교와 회사의 좋은 이미지를 홍보하고 있으며, 학교에서는 부모들을 전담하는 부서를 두어 부모들과 의사소통을 위한 인력과 수단을 갖추고 있다. 직장에서는 부모들에게 회사를 홍보함으로써 자신의 회사에 자녀를 입사하도록 부모가 영향을 주게끔 하고 있으며, 부모들에게 정기적으로 회사소식을 알림으로써 자녀들의 직장생활을 도와주도록 하고 있다(Howe & Strauss, 2008; Hunt, 2008; Somers & Settle, 2010a). 국내에서도 헬리콥터 양육을 하는 부모를 고려한 움직임을 보이고 있는데, 신입생 학부모 간담회를 여는 대학도 있고, 국내 일부 의대의 경우 학부모회나 발전후원회 등을 조직하여 학부모들의 자녀에 대한 과잉 관심을 대학 발전에 있어서 긍정적인 방향으로 유도하여 활용하는 것을 고려하고 있다(Lee, 2013a).
한편 Somers와 Settle (2010b)은 대학에서 헬리콥터 부모와 소통할 때 언어 선택이 중요한데, 자녀에 대한 호칭을 ‘아이(child)’보다는 ‘학생(student)’으로 지칭하는 것이 필요하다고 하였다. 이는 즉, 아이라는 호칭은 부모에게 자녀가 절대적인 보호가 필요한 대상이라는 생각을 갖게 하지만, 학생이라는 호칭은 자녀가 스스로 문제를 해결할 수 있는 존재라는 인식을 갖게 한다는 점에서 비롯되었다. 적절한 호칭 사용은 대학생을 가르치는 교수에게도 필요하다고 지적하였다. 언어 사용에 대한 지적은 헬리콥터 양육자인 부모 측면에서도 해당되는데, ‘헬리콥터’라는 말은 부모를 비난하는 것처럼 들려 대체할 수 있는 다른 용어의 개발이 필요하다고 하였다(Somers & Settle, 2010b). 본문에 앞서 소개된 헬리콥터 양육의 대체용어들 중에서 ‘블랙호크 양육’이나 ‘호버크래프트 양육’ 또한 공격적이고 전투적인 면이 강조되어 헬리콥터 양육을 하는 부모로 하여금 부정적인 이미지를 강화시키는 면이 강하다. 반면 ‘벌새 양육’은 벌새의 비행모습이 공중에서 정지, 비행하는 모양이 자녀의 주위에 멈추어 서서 보호, 감시하는 부모의 외적 모습만을 중립적으로 묘사한다고 판단되어 자녀 곁을 떠나지 않고 맴돌며 양육하는 부모의 태도를 나타내는 헬리콥터 양육을 대체할 수 있는 가장 유력한 대체 용어로 사료된다.
청소년을 대상으로 부모의 양육태도와 부모소진, 자녀 학업소진의 상관관계를 본 Han, Kim, Lee와 Shin (2011)의 연구에서 부모가 과보호할수록 부모 자신의 소진이 증가하였고, 자녀가 지각한 부모 양육태도에서도 동일하게 부모가 과보호한다고 지각할수록 자녀의 학업소진이 증가한다고 하였다. 이러한 결과를 볼 때 헬리콥터 양육이 자녀는 물론 부모에게도 부정적인 영향을 초래한다는 것을 유추할 수 있다. 또한 헬리콥터 양육을 하고 있는 부모의 삶의 만족도 저하에 대한 연구로서, Fingerman, Pilemer, Silverstein과 Suitor (2012), Somers와 Settle (2010b)은 부모가 낮아져 있는 자아존중감을 향상시킬 수 있다면 자녀의 독립적 생활을 격려할 수 있다고 하였다. 즉, 헬리콥터 부모 세대가 가지고 있는 자녀에 대한 사회적, 경제적인 과도한 책임감이(Hunt, 2008) 문제이므로 자녀에 대해 부모가 모든 것을 전적으로 책임져야 하는 것이 아님을 인식시킬 수 있는 중재프로그램 마련이 필요하다고 생각된다. 왜냐하면 부모 및 자녀의 소진은 양측 모두에게 신체적, 정신적, 사회적 안녕을 저해하는 요소로 작용하게 될 것으로 예측되기 때문이다.
특히 양육의 대상자로서 헬리콥터 양육을 받는 자녀가 겪는 정서적 건강에 대한 위험은 주목할 필요가 있다. 부모로부터 헬리콥터 양육을 받은 자녀는 청소년 후기에 부모로부터 독립하여 발달과업을 성취하고 성숙하는 데 어려움을 경험하며 삶의 만족도가 낮다(Howe & Strauss, 2008; LeMoyne & Buchanan, 2011; Padilla-Waker & Nelson, 2012; Peluchette et al., 2013). 구체적으로 부모 자녀 간 관계는 자녀의 대인관계에 영향을 미칠뿐만 아니라 청소년 후기 혹은 성인 자녀의 좌절과 분노, 불안, 우울, 강박 등의 부정적 심리를 경험하는 데 직 ∙ 간접적으로 영향을 끼친다는 다양한 연구 결과가 보고되었다(Chun, 2012; Ha & Kwon, 2011; Kim, 2011; Nam & You, 2007; Song & Park, 2011). 부모가 아무리 자신들의 시간과 재정과 노력을 자녀에게 쏟는다 할지라도 자녀는 오히려 부모의 간섭으로부터 벗어나고자 하며 그러는 가운데 오히려 부모, 자녀 사이의 의사소통의 갈등과 부재가 초래되고, 부모와의 친밀감이 저하되면서 불안, 우울의 감정경험에서 문제 행동의 출현까지 초래되는 것이다(Fingerman et al., 2012; Segrin et al., 2012). LeMoyne과 Buchanan (2011)은 특히 헬리콥터 양육이 청소년의 정신적 안녕 정도를 낮게 하여 항 우울제와 항불안제를 복용하는 정도가 높고, 심한 통증유발로 인한 진통제의 사용횟수가 증가한다는 결과까지 발표하였다.
헬리콥터 양육의 긍정적인 측면도 간과할 수 없다. Shciffrin 등(2013)은 헬리콥터 양육이 부모가 늘 자녀 자신을 감정적으로 지지해주고 있어 안심이 된다는 보호적 측면을 언급하였고, Yoon과 Lee (2013)의 연구에서도 유사하게 부모의 과보호는 도리어 자녀에게 있어서 안전기지로 역할을 한다고 하였다. 대학을 졸업해 자립할 나이가 되었는데도 취직을 하지 않거나, 취직을 해도 독립적으로 생활하지 않고 부모에게 경제적으로 의존하는 20-30대를 ‘다시 부모와 살러 들어온 자녀’라는 의미인 ‘부메랑 키즈(boomerang kids)’ 또는 ‘캥거루족’이라 일컬으며 최근 점차 그 인구가 늘고 있는데, 독립적으로 성숙하지 못했다는 부정적 측면보다는 오히려 청년 입장에서는 자신의 부모와 시간을 보내는 것이 행복하며 부모는 더 이상 권위 있는 존재가 아닌 친한 친구와 같은 관계로 살기 때문에 성인으로 성장한 후에도 부모의 틀 안에 있는 것을 즐긴다고 하였다(Doopedia, 2013; MTV network, 2007).
요약하면 헬리콥터 양육은 일시적으로 나타나는 현상이 아니며 향후 더욱 만연될 현상임을 인정하고(Peluchette et al., 2013), 부정적인 면을 부각시키기보다 보완할 수 있는 사회적인 방안과 부정적인 영향을 줄이기 위한 사회적 공감과 대화 마련이 시급하다고 생각되며 이에 대한 건강관리전문가들의 대비가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 헬리콥터 양육의 결과로 초래될 수 있는 자녀의 심리사회적 건강 수준은 부모의 양육 성향과 밀접한 관련을 가지고 있음을 인지하고, 헬리콥터 양육의 긍정적인 측면은 강화하되 부정적인 측면을 감소시키고 관련된 사회적 인식을 제고하기 위한 다각도의 노력이 요구된다고 여겨진다.
본 연구의 제한점으로는 다양한 학문 분야 및 언어로 된 모든 논문을 완전히 고찰했다고 할 수는 없다는 것이며, 특히 본 연구에서 개념 분석에 이용된 논문이 ‘헬리콥터 양육’이라는 주 용어를 갖고 미국에서 영어로 출판된 논문들로만 국한되었다는 점이다. 향후 국내에서 ‘헬리콥터 양육’이란 용어로 청소년 후기 자녀를 과보호적으로 양육하는 부모를 표현하는 데 있어서 본 연구의 개념분석 결과를 토대로 주의 깊은 어휘 사용의 선택과 결정이 요구될 것이다. 마지막으로 본 연구에서 연구자들의 주관적 판단을 완전히 배제한 채 Rodgers (2000)의 진화론적인 개념 분석을 적용하는 데에는 한계가 있었음을 밝히는 바이다.
어려워진 경제적 현실, 높아진 강력범죄율, 통신기술의 발달 등으로 인하여 출현된 헬리콥터 양육이 부모, 자녀, 사회적 측면에 영향을 미치고 있다. 사회적 측면에서는 부모가 자녀의 학교나 직장생활에 깊숙이 개입한다는 점에서 부정적인 면이 있으나, 학교나 직장의 담당자가 부모와 함께 자녀의 상황을 논의하는 공동대응 전략을 구사함으로써 긍정적인 효과를 이끌어낼 수 있다. 삶의 모든 선택을 대신해 주는 부모로 인해 청소년 및 성인기 초기의 자녀는 부모로부터의 독립 실패, 자존감 저하, 삶의 질 저하 및 심리적 건강문제가 발생가능하고, 부모는 소진과 삶의 만족도 저하를 경험할 수 있다. 하지만 헬리콥터 양육은 부모와 자녀 간 정서적, 심리적 밀착을 통해 안정감 형성 및 경제적 도움 등의 긍정적인 면도 초래할 수 있다. 따라서 청소년 후기의 자녀를 양육하는 부모가 친밀한 관계를 유지하되 자녀가 자립심을 갖고 사회적 독립을 성공적으로 성취할 수 있도록 헬리콥터 양육의 부정적, 긍정적 효과를 상쇄, 보완할 수 있는 간호중재의 개발이 모색되어야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 선행연구로 이미 도출된 결과를 통해 헬리콥터 양육에 대한 향후 간호 접근의 근간을 마련하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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    An Evolutionary Concept Analysis of Helicopter Parenting.
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    Figure 1. Conceptual framework of helicopter parenting.

    Figure 1.

    An Evolutionary Concept Analysis of Helicopter Parenting.
    First author (year) Source Domain Research design Participants (n/age) Key findings
    Padilla- Walker et al. (2012)1) Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1177-1190. Adolescent Descriptive study Undergraduate students (438/mean=19.7) their parents (679) •HP was positively associated with behavioral and psychological control, relationship, but negatively with parental autonomy school engagement.
    Hunt (2008)2) The Journal of Academic Administration in Higher Education, 4(1), 9-11. Higher education Review No •Helicopter parents are influencing the entire university from the prospecting stage before the application process, campus housing, relationships with academic advisors and faculty.
    Fingerman et al. (2012a)3) Journal of Marriage and Family, 74, 880-896. Family relation Exploratory study No •The Baby Boomers are typically more involved with their children than with their aging parents; Boomers'personal values, family members' needs, and personal rewards shape decisions about support.
    Howe et al. (2008b)4) General Insight, 1-10. Business Review No •Most employers will naturally react to this sort of intrusion by treating the parents like a disruptive nuisance.
    Fingerman et al. (2012b)5) The Gerontologist, 52(2), 199-209. Family relation Descriptive study Middle-aged parents with child over 18-years old (633/65-75, 42-60) •These relationships will have implications for the well-being affect the child's significant relationships, and may influence the likelihood that this child will come forward later in life when the parent needs care.
    Peluchette et al. (2013)6) Business Horizons, BUSHOR-1060, 9 Business Review No •HP is widespread phenomenon.
    •Employers are responding to this issue and proactive in dealing with the issue.
    Segrin et al. (2012)7) Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 61, 237-252. Family relation Descriptive study Parents with adult children (538/mean=50.8) •Over-parenting is associated with lower quality of parent-child communication and adult child's success.
    LeMoyne et al. (2011)8) Sociological Spectrum, 31, 399-418. Sociology Descriptive study College students (317/mean=19.1) •HP is negatively related to well-being.
    •HP related to have prescription for either anxiety or depression and take pain pills for something other than pain.
    Somers et al. (2010a)9) College & University, 86(1), 18-27. Higher education Qualitative study Students affairs professionals (190) •HP increases during students’ last year of college as they begin the graduate school application and/or job hunt process.
    Somers et al. (2010b)10) College & University, 86(2), 2-9. Higher education Qualitative study Students affairs professionals (190) •This study identified seven factors that explain the increase in helicopter parenting and how to apply policies based on helicopter parent types.
    Schiffrin et al. (2013)11) Journal of Child Family Study. DOI 10.1007/s10 826-013-9716-3 Child & family psychology Descriptive study College students (297/18-23) •HP behaviors were associated with lower levels of perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness therefore, higher levels of depression and de creased satisfaction with life.
    Furstenburg et al. (2004)12) Contexts, 3(3). Sociology Review No •After 21C, young adults are taking long time to build up their higher education credentials and practical skills to secure a full-time job.
    •Because of the growing cost of college and housing forces, many young adult children continue to receive support from their parents even after they begin working.
    Attribute Contents
    Hovering Attending a college orientation with adolescent children1,4)
    Living with adult children after college graduation4,5,9,12)
    Going with adolescent children for job interview or seminar1,2,4,6,7,9)
    Control of adolescent children using mobile or SNS1-5,10)
    Highly deep involvement Interfere in selection of college courses1,4,8,9)
    Monitoring college credits and school life1,2,4,8,10)
    Visiting adolescent children's academic advisors or deans3,10,11)
    Calling personnel department to get a job2,4,6,9)
    Engagement in salary negotiations2,4,6)
    Complaining about an employee performance review4,6)
    Proxy decision making Surrogate decision making of college major and career1,4,6,8,9,10)
    Demanding adult children to change their fiance/fiancee4)
    Demanding adolescent & adult children's obedience2,6-8,11)
    Hindering of adolescent & adult children's autonomy1,2,5-9,11)
    Table 1. Chronological Literature Review Matrix on Papers Related to Helicopter Parenting

    A superscript number of each paper is unique number given by authors.

    HP=Helicopter parenting.

    Table 2. Attributes of Helicopter Parenting

    Superscript numbers are unique number given by authors, as indicated in Table 1.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

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