Abstract
-
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the association among various adolescent problem behaviors in South Korea, focusing on gender differences.
-
Methods
This secondary analysis was conducted using cross-sectional data from the 19th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey, conducted in 2023 which included 52,880 middle and high school students in South Korea. They completed an anonymous self-administered survey regarding problem behaviors (drinking alcohol, smoking, drugs use, and sexual experiences). Data were analyzed using complex-samples chi-square and multiple logistic regression models.
-
Results
Among the 52,880 adolescents, the prevalence rates of alcohol use, smoking, drug use, and sexual experiences were 32.6%, 8.6%, 1.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. Gender differences were observed in alcohol use complex-samples multiple logistic regression models. However, no significant gender difference was found in drug use (p=.250). Four problem behaviors were significantly associated with one other when analyzed as independent variables (odds ratio [OR], 1.33–10.85). The strongest associations were found between alcohol use and smoking (OR, 10.49–10.85), and between smoking and sexual experiences (OR, 4.91–4.96).
-
Conclusion
This study found significant gender differences in adolescent problem behaviors, with male adolescents exhibiting higher rates of alcohol use, smoking, and sexual experience. Strong associations were observed between alcohol use and smoking, as well as between smoking and sexual experience. These findings suggest the need for integrated intervention strategies that target multiple co-occurring problem behaviors.
-
Key words: Adolescent; Drinking; Oral substance abuse; Sexual behavior; Smoking
INTRODUCTION
Adolescents tend to engage in independent actions and thinking as they move away from protective factors, such as family and school. However, because of their psychological immaturity, they frequently experience anxiety and conflicts [
1]. Consequently, problem behaviors are commonly observed during adolescence; however, in most cases, these behaviors decrease or stabilize with age [
2]. Steiner et al. [
3] reported that the absence of protective factors during adolescence increases the risk of engaging in health-risk behaviors in adulthood by 48%–66%. In other words, the benefits of appropriate interventions during adolescence can extend into adulthood, providing long-term protective effects against various health-related outcomes, fostering the potential for health promotion [
3], and playing a crucial role in maintaining physical and mental wellbeing. Problem behaviors in adolescence typically surge at the onset of puberty (around ages 12–13 years) and tend to decline around the age of 17 years. Therefore, continuous efforts toward early intervention are essential [
4].
Adolescent problem behaviors involve actions that violate social norms and are externally manifested, such as drinking alcohol, smoking, drug use, and sexual behavior. These behaviors are categorized as status offenses, which refer to norm-violating actions that are inappropriate for adolescent’s age and social status [
4,
5]. Notably, smoking and drinking alcohol harm health and frequently co-occur with other problem behaviors; in particular, they are closely linked to early sexual experiences [
6]. In South Korea, habitual substance use among adolescents has increased in recent years [
7]. According to national statistics, consultations related to smoking, drinking alcohol, substance abuse, and sexual behavior at Youth Counseling and Welfare Centers have increased year on year [
7,
8]. According to a report by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family [
8], the number of Youth Counseling and Welfare Center consultations related to smoking, drinking alcohol, and substance abuse has increased by approximately 9.3%. In addition, consultations regarding sexual behavior showed an upward annual trend.
This study was conceptually grounded in problem behavior theory (PBT), which explains adolescents’ propensity to engage in norm-violating behavior. Originally developed to account for problem behaviors, this theory has been extended to include health-related behaviors [
9]. PBT defines problem behaviors such as drinking alcohol, smoking, substance use, and sexual experiences. These are also the focus of this study. This theory comprises three interrelated systems of variables: the perceived environment system, the personality system, and the behavior system [
10]. Notably, engagement in one problem behavior increases the likelihood of engaging in others. Although PBT includes all three systems, this study specifically focused on the behavior system. This allowed the study to examine how observable problem behaviors—drinking alcohol, smoking, substance use, and sexual experience—are interrelated among adolescents. These four behaviors were selected based on their theoretical classifications as problem behaviors, shared risk contexts, and their public health relevance, particularly for the Korean adolescent population.
During adolescence, various problem behaviors are likely to be interconnected [
11,
12]. Within peer relationships, certain problem behaviors can increase the likelihood of other problem behaviors occurring [
13]. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically understand the characteristics of adolescent problem behaviors by examining how these four major problem behaviors are interrelated. Using this approach, this study aimed to provide fundamental data for the development of effective interventions and prevention strategies.
Adolescence is a period marked by significant physical, psychological, and social changes during which various problem behaviors may emerge [
14]. Previous studies have analyzed the causes of specific behaviors and their influencing factors [
15,
16]. However, the interconnections among different problem behaviors have not been sufficiently explored. This is crucial for understanding adolescents’ current health statuses and for establishing habits that promote long-term health. Therefore, developing effective intervention strategies is essential.
Given that adolescent problem behaviors can differ by gender, analyzing gender-based differences is essential for the development of effective interventions [
2,
17]. According to previous studies on gender differences, female students exhibit more pronounced internalizing symptoms than male students and are more likely to experience emotional problems, such as depression and anxiety [
18]. They also tend to respond more sensitively to conflicts in interpersonal relationships and stressful events involving other people [
19].
Conversely, externalizing problem behaviors are more frequently reported among male adolescents, who are more likely to exhibit behavioral issues such as aggression and antisocial behavior [
18]. Despite this, few studies have directly examined gender-based differences in co-occurring problem behaviors, especially in large-scale population-based samples. Consequently, gender-related differences in problem behavior types, their mechanisms, and their interrelationships among adolescents remain unclear. A comprehensive analysis is necessary to address this gap, considering both the interconnections among key problem behaviors and the moderating role of gender.
Therefore, this study aimed to (1) analyze the interrelationships among four major adolescent problem behaviors—alcohol use, smoking, drug use, and sexual experiences—using data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (KYRBS), and (2) examine whether these interrelationships differ according to gender.
METHODS
Ethical statements: This study was a secondary analysis of existing data and did not require institutional review board approval or in¬formed consent.
1. Study Design
This study is a secondary data analysis using raw data from the 19th KYRBS conducted in 2023 by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) to identify gender differences in adolescent problem behaviors and examine the associations among them [
20]. Reporting followed the guidelines outlined in Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) [
21].
The KYRBS is an anonymous, self-administered online survey conducted annually by the KDCA. The target population comprises middle and high-school students who are enrolled in schools in South Korea in April of each year. This study analyzed data from 52,880 adolescents who participated in the 2023 survey.
3. Measurement Tools
1) General characteristics
General characteristics, such as age, school type, living arrangements, academic performance, economic status, stress levels, sleep satisfaction, anxiety, smartphone overdependence, suicidal ideation, depression, and school violence experiences were used as control variables in accordance with the results of previous studies [
15,
16,
22]. Participants’ school types were categorized as middle or high school. Living arrangements were classified as living with or without family. Academic performance, economic status, stress levels, and sleep satisfaction were categorized into the following five levels: “highest,” “upper-middle,” “middle,” “lower-middle,” and “lowest.” Suicidal ideation, depression, and school violence experiences were categorized as present or absent.
Anxiety was assessed using the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). Participants responded to the question, “Over the past two weeks, how often have you been bothered by the following problems?” on a four-point Likert scale ranging from “not at all” (0 points) to “nearly every day” (3 points) across seven items. The total score ranged from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating severe anxiety. A score of 10 or above was classified as anxiety. Cronbach’s α for this scale was 0.91 in a previous study [
23] as well as in this study.
Smartphone overdependence was measured using the Smartphone overdependence scale, which consists of ten items that assess daily smartphone use on a 4-point Likert scale from “not at all” (1 point) to “very much so” (4 points). The total score ranges from 10 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater smartphone overdependence. A score of 23 or higher indicated smartphone overdependence. The Cronbach’s α was 0.84 at the time of scale development [
24] and 0.91 in this study.
2) Problem behaviors
(1) Alcohol use experience
Alcohol use was determined based on participants’ responses to the question, “Have you ever had at least one drink in your lifetime?” Participants who responded “yes” were categorized as having alcohol use experience.
(2) Smoking experience
Participants who responded “yes” to the question, “Have you ever smoked at least one or two puffs of a regular cigarette (cigarette roll)?” were categorized as having smoking experience.
(3) Drug use experience
Participants who responded “yes” to the question, “Have you ever intentionally or habitually used drugs (such as tranquilizers, stimulants, sleeping pills, appetite suppressants or narcotic painkillers) or inhaled substances, such as glue (adhesives), marijuana, cocaine, or butane gas?” were categorized as having drug use experience.
(4) Sexual experience
Participants who responded “yes” to the question, “Have you ever had sexual intercourse?” were categorized as having had sexual experiences.
4. Data Collection
The KYRBS, a national survey conducted annually by the KDCA, was conducted with the approval of Statistics Korea and the relevant Institutional Review Board. Data were collected through an anonymous, self-administered online survey completed by the target students. The raw data for this study were obtained from the KDCA website after receiving approval for data usage in accordance with the Agency’s procedures.
5. Data Analysis
The KYRBS data were analyzed using a complex-samples design. A complex-samples design file was applied by incorporating the stratification, clustering, weighting, and finite population correction coefficients provided in the raw dataset. The analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 29.0 (IBM Corp.). The participants’ general characteristics and their problem behaviors were examined using complex sample descriptive statistics. Gender differences in problem behaviors and their interrelationships were analyzed using complex-sample cross-tabulation analysis. Additionally, a complex-sample logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors influencing problem behaviors. Given the cross-sectional nature of the dataset, this analysis was exploratory, describing the associations among adolescent problem behaviors rather than determining causal relationships. Each behavior (alcohol use, smoking drug use, and sexual experiences) was examined as a dependent variable in a separate model. Other problem behaviors were included as covariates to investigate co-occurrence patterns.
RESULTS
1. General Characteristics
The participants’ general characteristics are presented in
Table 1. The average age was 15.17 years, and participants were comprised of 49.1% high-school students and 50.9% middle-school students. Regarding living arrangements, 95.9% lived with family. Perceived academic performance and economic status were reported as middle by 29.4% and 44.8% of the participants, respectively. Perceived stress was rated as “moderate” by 45.3% of adolescents, while 40.4% reported sleep dissatisfaction. In terms of mental health and behavioral characteristics, 12.6% of the adolescents experienced GAD and 28.0% were classified as having smartphone overdependence. Suicidal ideation was reported by 13.5% of participants, depressive symptoms by 26.0%, and victimization through violence by 2.6%.
The frequency of problem behaviors among adolescents was as follows: 32.6% had alcohol use, 8.6% had smoking, 1.7% had drug use, and 6.5% had sexual experiences (
Table 2). There were statistically significant gender differences in alcohol use, smoking, drug use, and sexual experiences (
p<.001). Specifically, the frequency of alcohol use was 37.5% and 27.4% among male and female adolescents, respectively (
p<.001). The frequency of smoking was 11.3% and 5.8% among male and female adolescents, respectively (
p<.001). The frequency of drug use was 1.5% and 1.8% among male and female adolescents, respectively (
p<.001). The frequency of sexual experiences was 7.8% and 5.1% among male and female adolescents, respectively (
p<.001).
There were statistically significant relationships among adolescent problem behaviors (
p<.001) (
Table 3). Adolescents who had used alcohol experience had a higher frequency of smoking experience (χ
2=6,721.17), drug use experience (χ
2=352.79), and sexual experience (χ
2=2,660.08) (
p<.001). Adolescents with smoking experience had a higher frequency of drug use experience (χ
2=854.26) and sexual experience (χ
2=5,659.63) (
p<.001). Additionally, adolescents with drug use experience had a higher frequency of sexual experience (χ
2=724.39) (
p<.001).
A complex-samples multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the effects of gender on problem behaviors and of one problem behavior on other problems, while adjusting for control variables (
Table 4). In the regression models, the dependent variables were alcohol use, smoking, drug use, and sexual experiences, which were analyzed separately. The independent variables included gender, problem behaviors other than the dependent variable, and 12 control variables.
Model 1: The dependent variable was alcohol use, and male adolescents were significantly more likely to report alcohol use than females (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54–1.71; p<.001). Furthermore, adolescents with alcohol use experience were significantly more likely to engage in other problem behaviors: smoking (OR, 10.49; 95% CI, 9.59–11.48; p<.001), drug use (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.28–1.87; p<.001), and sexual experience (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 2.30–2.79; p<.001).
Model 2: The dependent variable was smoking and male adolescents were significantly more likely to report smoking than females (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.90–2.24; p<.001). Furthermore, adolescents with smoking experience were more likely to have used alcohol (OR, 10.85; 95% CI, 9.92–11.86; p<.001), drug use (OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 2.06–3.15; p<.001), and sexual experiences (OR, 4.96; 95% CI, 4.51–5.47; p<.001).
Model 3: Drug use experience was the dependent variable, and no significant gender difference was observed (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.80–1.06; p=.250). However, adolescents who had used drug were significantly more likely to have used alcohol (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.41–2.05; p<.001), smoking experience (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.93–2.93; p<.001), and sexual experience (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.71–2.60; p<.001).
Model 4: The dependent variable was sexual experiences and male adolescents were more likely to report sexual experience than females (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.21–1.45; p<.001). In addition, sexual experience was significantly associated with alcohol use (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 2.38–2.89; p<.001), smoking (OR, 4.91; 95% CI, 4.46–5.40; p<.001), and drug use (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.71–2.59; p<.001).
DISCUSSION
This study, grounded in PBT, examined the prevalence of four adolescent risk behaviors—alcohol use, smoking, drug use, and sexual experiences—and their interrelationships. It analyzed gender differences in these prevalences and their relationships using a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents. By doing so, the study reaffirms the core PBT assumptions and provides a culturally contextualized understanding of how these behaviors manifest among Korean youth. The findings identified prevalence rates 32.6%, 8.6%, 1.7%, and 6.5%, for alcohol use, smoking, drug use, and sexual experiences respectively. For comparison, the World Health Organization (WHO)’s “Health behavior in school-aged children” report indicates global rates of 57% for alcohol use, 32% for smoking, and 12% for drug use among adolescents [
25]. National data from the United States reported that 54% of adolescent girls and 52% of boys have had sexual intercourse [
26]. Research on Asian adolescents indicates that over 10% drink alcohol, with Korean and Chinese adolescents showing particularly high rates of alcohol use [
27]. Approximately 10% of East Asian adolescents (i.e., Chinese, Korean, and Japanese) reported having sexual experiences [
28]. In Korea, the rate of sexual experiences tends to be lower than among their Western counterparts [
29]. However, the traditional perception of Asian youth as the “model minority” may contribute to the underestimation of risks associated with adolescent problem behaviors [
28]. Underreported prevalence may also reflect gendered reporting tendencies. In Korean cultural contexts, Jee and Lee [
30] noted that girls may underreport sexual experiences because of the social stigma associated with deviations from female chastity, whereas boys may overreport them to align with traditional expectations of masculinity. Sexual attitudes in boys are often influenced by personal factors such as curiosity and exposure to sexual media, whereas girls tend to be more affected by family norms and changes in family structure [
30], such as the increasing prevalence of nuclear families, which are associated with higher rates of sexual experiences [
31]. These cultural and psychosocial factors may help explain the complex patterns of sexual experiences among Korean adolescents.
Significant gender differences were found in alcohol use, smoking, and sexual experiences, with male adolescents reporting higher rates of these problem behaviors. These findings align with those of a study that reported higher levels of problem behaviors among male adolescents in 24 European countries [
17]. Girls are generally more health-conscious refrain from risky behaviors owing to social expectations of self-control [
32], whereas boys tend to experience more peer pressure, more media influence, and less parental supervision [
2,
17]. However, this study found no significant gender differences in drug use, which may be related to higher internalizing tendencies among female adolescents [
32]. In East Asian cultures, compared to Western societies, personal emotions tend to be suppressed in favor of maintaining a balance between positive and negative affect, particularly among women [
33]. Women are also more likely to conceal emotions such as anger and are at greater of risk for depression [
34]. Supporting this, a large-scale study of adolescents aged 12–17 years found that female adolescents were significantly more likely to misuse prescription drugs such as painkillers, tranquilizers, and stimulants, whereas male adolescents were more likely to use illicit drugs classified as narcotics [
35]. Hence, the absence of gender differences in drug use within this study may mask underlying differences in the types of substances used. Future research in Korea should investigate gender-specific patterns of substance use, focusing on the categories of drugs used.
After controlling for 12 covariates, we found that the four problem behaviors were significantly interrelated. This finding aligns with previous research and supports the tenets of PBT [
11,
12,
36]. Smoking had the strongest associations with alcohol use and sexual experiences with ORs from 10.49–10.85. Smoking was also strongly associated with sexual experiences, with ORs from 4.91–4.96. These results suggest that smoking may play a particularly influential role in the development of other problem behaviors. According to the WHO, adolescents initiate substance use, including smoking, at increasingly younger ages [
25]. The major factors contributing to smoking include peer influence, media exposure, parental smoking, and emotional problems such as depression and stress, academic difficulties, and alcohol use [
36]. Therefore, interventions targeting smoking may have a broader impact on reducing other adolescent problem behaviors. Given the central role of smoking in the clustering of risky behaviors, increased social attention and policy support for smoking prevention are warranted. By comparing the current findings with those of previous studies, this study revealed both consistent and culturally specific relationship patterns among problem behaviors. While male-dominant risk behaviors align with global trends, the low prevalence of sexual activity and lack of gender differences in drug use among Korean adolescents may reflect East Asian sociocultural factors, such as hierarchical families, moral education, and strong norms regarding social conformity [
33,
35]. Thus, adolescent problem behaviors should be viewed as culturally shaped phenomena not merely as developmental outcomes. Addressing clustered adolescent risk behaviors requires integrated, gender-responsive, and culturally contextualized interventions at both school and community levels.
Although this study yielded meaningful findings, it has certain limitations. First, the use of cross-sectional survey data limits the ability to draw causal inferences among the variables. Accordingly, the observed associations should be interpreted as co-occurrence patterns rather than as evidence of causal relationships. Longitudinal research is required to examine the developmental trajectories and temporal sequences of adolescent problem behaviors. Second, although the study utilized nationally representative data, the scope of the available variables was restricted to the dataset. Future studies should incorporate a wider range of psychosocial variables to provide a more comprehensive understanding of adolescent problem behaviors.
CONCLUSION
This study examined gender differences in adolescent problem behaviors and found that male adolescents exhibited higher levels of alcohol use, smoking, and sexual experiences than their female counterparts did. However, no significant gender differences were observed in drug use, suggesting that future interventions should consider gender. Additionally, a strong association was identified between smoking and alcohol use as well as between smoking and sexual experience. These findings indicate that, when implementing interventions for adolescent problem behaviors, simultaneously addressing highly correlated behaviors may be more effective.
ARTICLE INFORMATION
Table 1.General characteristics in Korean adolescents (N=52,880)
|
Characteristic |
Category |
Value |
|
Age (yr) |
|
15.17±0.023 |
|
School type |
High school |
24,479 (49.1) |
|
Middle school |
28,401 (50.9) |
|
Living arrangement (n=52,873) |
With family |
50,362 (95.9) |
|
Without family |
2,511 (4.1) |
|
Perceived academic performance (n=52,875) |
High |
20,041 (38.1) |
|
Middle |
15,540 (29.4) |
|
Low |
17,294 (32.5) |
|
Perceived economic status (n=52,875) |
High |
22,410 (43.5) |
|
Middle |
23,981 (44.8) |
|
Low |
6,484 (11.7) |
|
Perceived stress |
High |
19,699 (37.3) |
|
Moderate |
23,874 (45.3) |
|
Low |
9,307 (17.4) |
|
Sleep satisfaction |
Satisfied |
14,011 (26.0) |
|
Neutral |
17,793 (33.6) |
|
Dissatisfied |
21,076 (40.4) |
|
Generalized anxiety disorder |
Anxiety |
6,634 (12.6) |
|
Normal |
46,246 (87.4) |
|
Smartphone overdependence |
Overdependence |
14,672 (28.0) |
|
Normal |
38,208 (72.0) |
|
Suicide ideation |
Yes |
7,131 (13.5) |
|
No |
45,749 (86.5) |
|
Depressive symptoms |
Yes |
13,835 (26.0) |
|
No |
39,045 (74.0) |
|
Violence victimization |
Yes |
1,399 (2.6) |
|
No |
51,481 (97.4) |
Table 2.Comparison of problem behaviors according to gender in Korean adolescents (N=52,880)
|
Variable |
Total |
Gender |
χ2
|
pa)
|
|
Male adolescents |
Female adolescents |
|
Alcohol use experience |
|
|
|
625.14 |
<.001 |
|
No |
35,604 (67.4) |
16,748 (62.5) |
18,856 (72.6) |
|
|
|
Yes |
17,276 (32.6) |
10,021 (37.5) |
7,255 (27.4) |
|
|
|
Smoking experience |
|
|
|
500.30 |
<.001 |
|
No |
48,341 (91.4) |
23,795 (88.7) |
24,546 (94.2) |
|
|
|
Yes |
4,539 (8.6) |
2,974 (11.3) |
1565 (5.8) |
|
|
|
Drug use experience |
|
|
|
10.49 |
<.001 |
|
No |
52,041 (98.3) |
26,386 (98.5) |
25,655 (98.2) |
|
|
|
Yes |
839 (1.7) |
383 (1.5) |
456 (1.8) |
|
|
|
Sexual experience |
|
|
|
166.27 |
<.001 |
|
No |
49,531 (93.5) |
24,751 (92.2) |
24,780 (94.9) |
|
|
|
Yes |
3,349 (6.5) |
2,018 (7.8) |
1,331 (5.1) |
|
|
Table 3.Relationship between problem behaviors in Korean adolescents (N=52,880)
|
Variable |
Alcohol use experience |
Smoking experience |
Drug use experience |
|
No |
Yes |
χ2 (pa)) |
No |
Yes |
χ2 (pa)) |
No |
Yes |
χ2 (pa)) |
|
Smoking experience |
|
|
6,721.17 (<.001) |
|
|
- |
|
|
- |
|
No |
35,015 (98.3) |
13,326 (77.0) |
|
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
|
|
Yes |
589 (1.7) |
3,950 (23.0) |
|
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
|
|
Drug use experience |
|
|
352.79 (<.001) |
|
|
854.26 (<.001) |
|
|
- |
|
No |
35,291 (99.1) |
16,750 (96.8) |
|
47,801 (98.8) |
4,240 (93.1) |
|
- |
- |
|
|
Yes |
313 (0.9) |
526 (3.2) |
|
540 (1.2) |
299 (6.9) |
|
- |
- |
|
|
Sexual experience |
|
|
2,660.08 (<.001) |
|
|
5,659.63 (<.001) |
|
|
724.39 (<.001) |
|
No |
34,700 (97.4) |
14,831 (85.6) |
|
46,465 (96.0) |
3,066 (67.3) |
|
48,943 (93.9) |
588 (71.3) |
|
|
Yes |
904 (2.6) |
2,445 (14.4) |
|
1,876 (4.0) |
1,473 (32.7) |
|
3,098 (6.1) |
251 (28.7) |
|
Table 4.Factors influencing problem behavior in Korean adolescents (N=52,880)
|
Independent variables (reference) |
Category |
Dependent variables |
|
Model 1: alcohol use experience |
Model 2: smoking experience |
Model 3: drug use experience |
Model 4: sexual experience |
|
pa)
|
AOR (95% CI) |
pa)
|
AOR (95% CI) |
pa)
|
AOR (95% CI) |
pa)
|
AOR (95% CI) |
|
Gender (female) |
Male |
<.001 |
1.62 (1.54–1.71) |
<.001 |
2.06 (1.90–2.24) |
.250 |
0.92 (0.80–1.06) |
<.001 |
1.33 (1.21–1.45) |
|
Alcohol use experience (no) |
Yes |
- |
- |
<.001 |
10.85 (9.92–11.86) |
<.001 |
1.70 (1.41–2.05) |
<.001 |
2.62 (2.38–2.89) |
|
Smoking experience (no) |
Yes |
<.001 |
10.49 (9.59–11.48) |
- |
- |
<.001 |
2.38 (1.93–2.93) |
<.001 |
4.91 (4.46–5.40) |
|
Drug use experience (no) |
Yes |
<.001 |
1.55 (1.28–1.87) |
<.001 |
2.55 (2.06–3.15) |
- |
- |
<.001 |
2.10 (1.71–2.59) |
|
Sexual experience (no) |
Yes |
<.001 |
2.53 (2.30–2.79) |
<.001 |
4.96 (4.51–5.47) |
<.001 |
2.11 (1.71–2.60) |
- |
- |
|
Nagelkerke R2 (p) |
|
.247 |
(<.001) |
.366 |
(<.001) |
.196 |
(<.001) |
.252 |
(<.001) |
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