Purpose Prenatal depression affects 10%–25% of pregnant women and has important implications for maternal and neonatal health. High-risk pregnant women may be particularly vulnerable to anxiety and depression because of obstetric complications and concerns about fetal health. This study examined factors related to prenatal depression among hospitalized high-risk pregnant women, focusing on resilience, pregnancy stress, and marital satisfaction.
Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 169 high-risk pregnant women admitted to a tertiary hospital in South Korea. Data were collected using validated instruments that measured pregnancy stress, marital satisfaction, resilience, and prenatal depression. Hierarchial regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with prenatal depression.
Results The mean prenatal depression score was 8.75±5.54, and 43.8% of participants had mild to severe depression. The regression model explained 37.4% of the variance in prenatal depression (F=21.07, p<.001). Resilience showed the strongest protective association (β=−.43, p<.001), followed by pregnancy stress as a significant risk factor (β=.26, p<.001) and desire for pregnancy as a significant predictor (β=−.16, p=.018). Marital satisfaction and experience of infertility treatment were not significant independent predictors.
Conclusion Resilience and pregnancy stress were key factors related to prenatal depression among hospitalized high-risk pregnant women. Interventions that strengthen resilience and reduce pregnancy-related stress may help prevent and manage prenatal depression in this population.
Purpose This study aimed to identify ecological risk and protective factors associated with membership in latent classes characterized by heterogeneous associations between parental adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment (ITCM).
Methods This secondary analysis used data from the 2017 Family with Children’s Life Experience Survey. Participants were parents who had a spouse and children younger than 18 years. Guided by Belsky’s ecological model, the covariates were categorized as parent-, family/household-, and community-level contextual factors. Latent class regression was used to identify classes with differing associations between parental ACEs and child maltreatment, and multinomial logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with class membership.
Results Three classes were identified: the “None-ACE-Association” class (58.5%), the “Partial-ACE-Association” class (23.3%), and the “Comprehensive-ACE-Association” class (18.2%). Factors across multiple ecological domains differentiated class membership. Acceptance of corporal punishment significantly distinguished the None-ACE-Association class from the Partial-ACE-Association class. In comparisons involving the Comprehensive-ACE-Association class, membership was significantly associated with several parent- and family/household-level factors, including depressive symptoms, parenting stress, partner violence/control, and family relationship quality. Significant associations were also observed for the number of children, the age group of the youngest child, and residential area.
Conclusion Distinct latent class profiles characterized by heterogeneous associations between parental ACEs and child maltreatment support the need for tailored, risk-stratified prevention strategies. Combining the assessment of parental ACEs with the assessment of modifiable factors could improve early identification and inform nursing and community-based interventions intended to interrupt the ITCM.
Purpose This study aimed to identify the general characteristics and health behaviors of students with non-therapeutic substance use.
Methods This secondary data analysis used data from the 17th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (2021). Analyses of the 54,848 adolescents used descriptive statistics, the Rao–Scott χ2 test, and logistic regression.
Results The risk factors for substance use among students were anxiety, loneliness, living separately from family, suicidal ideation, e-cigarette use, and high stress.
Conclusion The findings help identify the risk factors for non-therapeutic drug use among adolescents. Since South Korea does not have a drug prevention program for its adolescent population, an educational plan based on these findings could help prevent adolescent substance abuse.
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Purpose Developmental disabilities (DDs) are a global childhood problem whose prevalence is rising, with a disproportionate impact on individuals in low-and middle-income countries. However, data on the prevalence of DDs in the Arab world are limited. This review highlights what is currently known about the prevalence and risk factors of DDs in preschool children in the Arab world.
Methods PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, CINAHL, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were searched for publications on DDs among preschool children in the Arab world. Only 14 studies were identified in the literature, from 12 Arab countries.
Results The overall estimated prevalence of DDs among preschool children in the Arab world is 27.5%. An analysis of risk factors for DDs showed that child-related, maternal, and family-related factors account for a significant cumulative risk of developing DDs in preschool children. Maternal factors, such as antenatal and perinatal complications, were the most common risk factors.
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Purpose This study was conducted to obtain data for the development of an effective fall risk assessment tool for pediatric inpatients through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic test accuracy of existing scales.
Methods A literature search using Medline, Science Direct, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library was performed between March 1 and 31, 2018. Of 890 identified papers, 10 were selected for review. Nine were used in the meta-analysis. Stata version 14.0 was used to create forest plots of sensitivity and specificity. A summary receiver operating characteristic curve was used to compare all diagnostic test accuracies.
Results Four studies used the Humpty Dumpty Falls Scale. The most common items included the patient's diagnoses, use of sedative medications, and mobility. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the nine studies were .79 and .36, respectively.
Conclusion Considering the low specificity of the pediatric fall risk assessment scales currently available, there is a need to subdivide scoring categories and to minimize items that are evaluated using nurses' subjective judgment alone. Fall risk assessment scales should be incorporated into the electronic medical record system and an automated scoring system should be developed.
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Purpose The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of preschooler obesity/overweight and to identify associated factors.
Methods This study was a cross-sectional study. Data for 591 preschoolers, 432 fathers and 538 mothers from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014 were included. Obesity/overweight was defined by 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. T-test, Rao-Scott χ2, multivariate logistic regression was used for the analysis.
Results Prevalence rates for preschooler obesity/overweight were 14.9% (obesity, 5.4%; overweight, 9.5%). The preschoolers with atopic dermatitis or allergic rhinitis or asthma (OR=2.78, 95% CI [1.27-6.09], p=.011) and eating more thiamine per day (OR=1.01, 95% CI [1.00-1.02], p=.001) showed higher obesity/overweight development. The only parental factor affecting preschooler obesity/overweight was parental body mass index (father, OR=1.18, 95% CI [1.09-1.28], p<.001; mother, OR=1.09, 95% CI [1.04-1.15], p<.001).
Conclusion Interventions on preventing preschooler obesity should be introduced much earlier for children with risk factors. Results from this study can be used as preliminary data to develop effective strategies to prevent obesity in Korean preschoolers.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to measure (the degree of) injury risk perception in preschool children. METHODS The data were collected from child day care centers and kindergartens located in Seoul, and Gyeonggi and Kwangwon Province. A questionnaire consisted of 28 pictures was administered to 186 preschool children. RESULTS The mean score for the injury risk perception was 21.83 (+/-3.89), and 77.98 converted into a 100-point scale.
According to sub-categories, 'burn prevention' (.96+/-.13) was the highest, 'interpersonal safety' (.44+/-.31) was the lowest. There were significant differences in injury risk perception according to gender (t=-2.358, p=.019), age (t=-2.101, p=.037), experience of safety education (t=-3.719, p<.001), area of residence (t=-3.445, p=.001), injury experience (t=3.212, p=.002), and mother's occupation (t=-4.858, p<.001). The highest item in the percentage of correct answer item was 'making jump on the desk', the lowest item in the percentage of correct answer item was 'not wearing safety equipment when rollerblading'. CONCLUSION Based on this study, studies should be continued to standardize the instrument. In addition, it is recommended that an injury prevention education program should be developed based on the results of this study to stimulate demand and interest.
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PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to identify differences in physiological.psychological.environmental.behavioral characteristics between obese and control children participating in a health camp and to identify the factors related to childhood obesity. METHODS Two hundred eighty seven children aged 6 to 12 years were recruited from a health camp for elementary students in D city, Korea. Data collection was done on November 28 and 29, 2009. Anthropometric measurements, blood tests, and self-report surveys were conducted. Chi-square test, independent t-test, ANCOVA, and multiple logistic regression were performed using PASW statistics 18.0. RESULTS Obese children had adverse conditions for both physiological and psychological characteristics. In terms of environmental and behavioral characteristics, high maternal BMI and more than two hours of TV watching were significantly associated with high risk of childhood obesity (OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.02-1.21; OR=2.05, 95% CI=1.23-3.41). CONCLUSION Through a multi-factorial approach, the current study identified the differences between obese and control children participating in a health camp and risk factors of childhood obesity. These findings provide preliminary data and perspectives on intervention research for prevention and management of childhood obesity.
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PURPOSE To investigate the effects of a warm water-filled bag on body temperature, Oxygen demand, respiratory rate and blood sugar in high risk neonates. METHOD The infants were assigned to two groups, 16 in the experimental and 20 in the control group. Infants in the experimental group was received 40~42 degrees C warm water-filled bag therapy for 2 hours under radiant warmers.
Infants in the control group were placed under the same kind of radiant warmers but without the warm water-filled bag.
The following were measured every 30 minutes: rectal temperature, O2 demand (FiO2), and respiratory rate. Blood sugar was measured hourly. RESULT Body temperatures increased significantly in the experimental group (P=0.0138), and there was a difference according to time (P=0.0001). Significant difference were found between the two groups for FiO2 (P=0.0180). There was no difference in respiratory rates between the two groups and rates according to time for the experimental group were also not significant (P=0.3569). No significant difference between two groups was found for blood sugar(P=0.2152), but there was a significant difference according to the times (P=0.0001). CONCLUSION This results of this study indicate that a warm-filled bag is an effective means of resorting body temperature and reducing O2 demand in high risk neonates.
PURPOSE To provide basic information for developing a nursing program by examining health risk behavior of students rewriting college entrance examinations. METHOD Data were gathered using questionnaires from 804 examinees in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province and analyzed with the SAS program using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS The mean score for health risk behaviors was 17.70 and the highest score for sub-areas of health risk behavior was drinking alcohol while substance use ranked lowest.
There were significantly different scores for health risk behavior according to the following general characteristics; frequency of rewriting college entrance examinations, parents' marital status, level of father's education, grades, satisfaction with rewriting of college entrance examinations, parents' health concerns, need for health education and health status. Each behavior had positive or negative correlation with more than one other behavior. A negative correlation was found between health risk behavior and family support and self-esteem, while positive correlations were found between health risk behavior and general stress, studying stress and anxiety. CONCLUSION This study suggest that these results be used to developed a prevention program to decrease health risk behaviors by promoting family support and self esteem and decreasing stress and anxiety.
PURPOSE The quasi-experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of the integrated NICU hospitalization education on maternal attachment, maternal self-esteem, and EPDS in the 26 mothers of high-risk infants(HRI). METHOD The subjects were divided into the experimental group to received the integrated NICU hospitalization education included the enforced direct education of NICU and HRI to the mothers using a booklet and the provision of the neomaternal exposure as soon as possible after delivery. The control group received the routine education of the NICU hospitalization, mostly including the admission process and the NICU rules delivering to the husband. The research variables were maternal attachment, maternal self-esteem, and EPDS. RESULTS The results showed the increases in these variables after the integrated education in experimental group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION It supports the benefits of the early direct NICU education and the neomaternal exposures on maternal adaptation process in the mothers of HRI.
PURPOSE To investigate the degree and sources of stress which fathers of infants in NICU experience. METHOD Eighty-five fathers of NICU infants at 5 university hospitals in Seoul volunteered to complete the Parental Stressor Scale for NICU (PSS: NICU) from September 1, to October 15, 2002. RESULTS Total perceived stress was 3.50+/-0.76. The highest score were in Parental Role Alteration (3.76+/-0.83) and Appearance and Behavior (3.65+/-1.04). The total perceived stress score (PSS), correlated significantly with method (t=3.50, p=.01), and route (F=5.30, p=.00) of feeding. Light & Sound correlated significantly with birth weight (F=3.39, p=.02), medical diagnosis(F=2.30, p=.03), plan of operation(t=2.50, p=.01), operation (t=3.80, p=.02), method (F=4.90, p=.003), and route (F=4.70, p=.00) of feeding.
Infant Appearance and Behavior correlated significantly with birth weight (F=5.12, p=.01), plan of operation (t=2.50, p=.01), method (F=3.50, p=.01), and route (F=7.80, p=.00) of feeding. Parental Role Alteration correlated significantly with care of incubator (t=-.68, p=.03), method of feeding (F=2.80, p=.04) and education level of father (F=3.00, p=.05). CONCLUSION Father with NICU infants were concerned mostly with parental role alteration and infant appearance. Nursing intervention should include fathers of NICU infants.
The purpose of this study is to compare the educational needs and perception of mothers of normal neonates and high risk infants. This research was designed as a descriptive study. Data were collected for two months from April 2002 to March 2002. Subjects were 41 mothers of high risk infants and 60 mothers of normal neonates in one general hospital in Seoul participated in the study. Measurement tools used in this study were the educational needs scale developed by Cho Kyoul Ja et al and the neonatal perceptive inventories scale developed by Broussard. They ask mothers to rate each item on a four point Likert type scale. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 8.0 program. The variables were listed as frequency, mean, standard deviation, X2 test, t-test, ANOVA. The results were as follows: The educational needs of the mothers of primi pregnancy was higher than the mothers of multi pregnancy. The educational needs on management of diseases such as prevention of infection, symptoms of disease, mental development, attachment promotion, congenital metabolism test, management of convulsion, care of vomiting and fever were higher than general care of infants such as immunization, measurement of temperature, hiccough care, follow up care. The informations must be included in nursing intervention program to reduce the mothers' stress level. In conclusion, in order to promote positive mother infant relationship, nurse need to give information and educate the mothers of high risk infant and normal neonate.
The purpose of the study was to investigate physical stress symptoms and health risk behaviors of adolescent athletes and high school students as a basis for providing a health promotion program of adolescent athletes. The subjects consisted of 160 male students of a physical education high school(athletes) in Kyonggi and 147 male high school students(non-athletes) in Seoul. Data was obtained from the physical stress symptoms and the health risk behaviors questionnaire.
The result were as follows : 1.Physical stress symptoms didn't make significant difference between groups. GI symptom, as the subscale of physical stress symptoms of non-athletes were higher then those of athletes. The highest ranked physical stress symptoms in athletes was cardiopulmonary symptom ll(upper respiratory symptoms) and in non- athletes was central-neurological symptoms. 2.Health risk behaviors didn't make significant difference between groups. Weight control, as the subscale of health risk behaviors of athletes were higher then those of non-athletes. The highest ranked health risk behaviors in athletes was alcohol and in non-athletes was smoking.
3.There were the low positive correlation between physical stress symptoms and health risk behaviors.
This study was conducted to understand the degree and contents of stress which the mothers of high-risk infants can be experienced from the hospitalization of ICU for their new borns, and thus to offer the basic program to he nursing intervention program for these. Subjects were the 171 mother of hospitalized newborn in NICU of 1 University Hospital in Busan from June, 20, 2001 to September, 15, 2001, who agreed to take part in this study. The instruments used in this study were Parental Stressor Scale:NICU(PSS:NICU) developed by Miles et al. The questionnaire has 4 dimensions and 45 items ; sight and sounds of NICU(5 items), babies' appearance and behavior nursing intervention(19 items), parental role alteration and relationship with their baby(10 items), health team communication(11 items). The data was analysed as average, frequency, Standard Deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient by use of SPSS/PC+.
The results of this study are as follows ; 1. The total perceived stress level score of mothers of high-risk infants was slightly high(3.44 +/- 0.71). The highest scored dimension was 'appearance and behavior of the baby'(4.06 +/- 0.80), and next were 'relationship with their baby and parental role change'(3.55 +/- 0.98), 'sight and sounds of NICU'(3.22 +/- 1.01), 'communication with health team'(2.93 +/- 0.91). 2. The total perceived stress level score was significantly correlated with birth weight (F=2.35, p < .05). 3. In sight and sounds of NICU, the perceived stress level score was significantly correlated with nursing in the incubator(t=2.28, p < .05) and birth weight(t=2.26, p < .05). In summary, information about physical environment of NICU, birth weight and nursing in the incubator must be included in nursing intervention program of mother's of high-risk infants in reducing the patents stress level. And, it is suggested that there need to find the coping mechanism of mother of high-risk infants.
The goal of respiratory management in high risk infants is to maintain proper oxygenation by supporting respiration, therefore to minimize the secondary complications and to promote the maximum growth and development. While on artificial ventilator to achieve this goal, the infants require endotracheal suctioning(ETS) to remove lung secretions. however, the negative effects of ETS in neoates have been documented and include hypoxia, bradycardia, mucosal damage, increased intracranial pressure, and death result. The purpose of the study was to investigate how ETS is currently performed in NICU, which would be beneficial to develop the standardized ETS protocol and to apply it to these population. A national-wide survey on clinical protocol of ETS was performed to 149 neonatal nurses with the average of 3 years and 6 months experience in neonatal nursing, 34.2% of whom was bachelor in nursing. The results showed that about 89% of the nurses initiate ETS primarily based on the need of the subjects. The aseptic regulation on ETS was used in 83.9% of the subjects. There was no regulation on the length of catheter in 32.9% and on ID/OD ratio in 17.4%. Many nurses administered hyperoygenation/hyperinflation/hyperventilation based on personal knowhow, rather than scientific rationals(77.2%, 40.9%, 75.2%, retrospectively). About 41% of the nurse regulate subjectively the suction power, while 73.8% of them rotate the subject's head during suctioning and the half of the nurses was favorable in adapting the closed-suctioning protocol. With the findings of the study, the current clinical application of ETS in neonates appears to be based on adult care practices, or personal preference, rather than scientific validation of the safety and effectiveness of the procedure. This study support the needs for developing and applying the standardized ETS protocolin conjunction with the consideration given to the physiologic characteristics of the neonates in respiratory distress.
PURPOSE This study was done to estimate the prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) and its risk factors for AD in children living in the community. METHOD Random samples of 10,236 were selected from 43 kindergarten (1,418) and 57 elementary (8,718) students in K city. Data from 1,079 (kindergarten children) and 7,271 (elementary) students were used in the final analysis. The Korean-translated modified version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISSAC) questionnaire was used in this cross-sectional survey.
Parents answered the survey questionnaire. RESULTS The lifetime and last 12-month prevalence of AD were 40.15%; 30.86% in kindergarten children and 33.56%; 25.37% in elementary children. The lifetime and last 12-month prevalence of AD diagnosis were 40.8%; 18.68% in kindergarten children and 34.36%; 12.63% in elementary children. The lifetime prevalence of AD treatment was 25.93% in kindergarten children and 22.07% in elementary children.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that risk factors for AD were age, allergic disease, age of house, carpets, pets. CONCLUSION The study suggests that prevalence of AD has increased among children in the community. These data can be used to manage possible risk factors that are predictors of childhood AD.
PURPOSE This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of questionable development according to developmental screening testing for children, and to explore biological and environmental risk factors of developmental delays. METHOD The study participants were 153 children under two years of age. A questionnaire and Home Observation for measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory were used to collect data, and Korean Denver II was administered. RESULTS The overall prevalence of questionable development was 11.1%. Significant differences in biological factors between the normal development group and questionable development group were the rate of prematurity, twins, the educational level of mother and father's and the presence of an illness in the mother (p<.10). Maternal acceptance in HOME was significantly different between the two groups. The factors related to questionable development that were significant in the logistic regression analysis were prematurity (OR=3.56, p=.026), and maternal acceptance in HOME score (OR=.629, p=.028). CONCLUSION Early developmental screening tests seem necessary for all children, especially for prematurely born children. Also, child rearing environments were identified as significant factors in the development of all children.
These findings suggest that the HOME scores might be useful in identifying children at risk for developmental delays, and that interventions for these children will probably be more effective if their mothers are helped to provide a more appropriate social environment.
BACKGROUND Adolescent risk behaviors are of concern because they are dangerous in themselves and have negative influences on adult health. Objectives: This study explored six health risk behaviors of a sample representing the adolescent population in Jeju. METHODS Frequency and percentage of risk behaviors were calculated. Additionally, the chi-square test was used to explore whether differences in experimentation with risk behaviors exist relative to gender and schooling levels. RESULTS There were six major findings in this study: (a) a lower rate of lifetime and current cigarette use among female students compared to male students, (b) a substantial portion of heavy drinkers, (c) a higher rate of lifetime drug use among female students than among male students, (d) a higher prevalence of suicide ideation among female students than among male students, (e) substantial percentages of students who did not usually wear seatbelts, motorcycle helmets, or bicycle helmets, and (f) a substantial portion of students who were not involved in vigorous physical activities. CONCLUSIONS Since a substantial portion of adolescents have been involved with diverse risk behaviors, it is urgent to implement effective intervention strategies to reduce the rates of these behaviors.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a tool to assess the severity of illness in high risk newborns. METHOD The research design was a methodological study. The tool was developed in 4 stages: first, preliminary items were developed based on a questionnaire about the severity of illness index that was given to 8 health professionals in Neonatal Intensity Care Units (NICU) second, a panel of specialists reduced the preliminary items using 3 validity tests; third, final items were selected from the results of a pre-test. Finally, from July 2005 to May 2006, reliability and validity were tested with a sample of 160 high risk newborns admitted to the NICU. RESULTS The final tool to identify the severity of illness index in high risk newborns consisted 39 items and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .922. Using factor analysis, 4 factors were extracted and these factors explained 54.451% of the total variance. CONCLUSION The instrument for assessing the severity of illness in high risk newborns developed in this study was identified as a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. In this sense, this tool can be effectively utilized for assessing and implementing care for high risk newborns.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe high-risk health behaviors in middle school adolescents and to identify factors related to this behavior. Method: This survey study employed a self administered questionnaire given to 621 students enrolled in one middle school located in Gyeonggi province. Using the cluster sampling method, 4 classes from the 7th, 8th, and 9th grades were selected. The survey was done between April 20 and May 19, 2004. Data were analyzed using SAS. Result: The results showed that 19.1% of adolescents smoked cigarettes and 8.4 % drank regularly. The mean score for resilience was 6.92 (range:0-10) and for depression, 23.62 (range:0-50). The adolescents in higher grades reported significantly more experience with pornography. Also, adolescents who reported have fewer conversations with their parents had significantly more experience with pornography. Depression was significantly higher for those students who had better academic skills and higher family income. Resilience level was significantly higher for the students who reported better schools records and higher family income. The most important factor related to the high risk behaviors, depression, and resilience was conversations with parents. Conclusion: This study suggests that to develop an effective high-risk health behavior prevention program for adolescents, it is necessary to include communication skills with the parents.
, Soonyoung Shon
, Hyejung Lee
, Lubna Abushaikha
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