Purpose
In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of two distraction interventions—DistrACTION Cards and Buzzy—on pain relief in children undergoing intravenous infusions in the emergency department.
Methods
A quasi-randomized controlled trial was conducted in children aged 4–6 years receiving intravenous infusions in a single emergency department. Participants were assigned to the DistrACTION Cards group (n=31), Buzzy group (n=30), or control group (n=31). Pain was assessed using the pulse rate, Faces Pain Rating Scale, and Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale.
Results
Both distraction interventions significantly reduced observed pain (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scores) compared to that in the control group. The DistrACTION Cards group showed significantly lower pain scores than the control group during the procedure (p<.05) and demonstrated a consistent trend of pain reduction across all phases. Self-reported pain scores (Faces Pain Rating Scale) after the procedure were significantly lower in both intervention groups compared to those in the control group (p <.05); however, no significant differences were found in the extent of change between groups. No significant group differences were observed in pulse rate.
Conclusion
Both DistrACTION Cards and Buzzy effectively reduced intravenous infusion-related pain in preschool children. DistrACTION Cards showed greater consistency than Buzzy in pain reduction as measured by the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale, suggesting they may be considered as a preferred option in clinical practice. Further research in diverse clinical settings is needed to confirm these findings.

Purpose
This study explored the threat and efficacy factors influencing children’s eye health behaviors using an Extended Parallel Process Model for parents of preschool children.
Methods
Data were collected from October 30 to November 6, 2023, using a web-based survey. In total, 166 parents of preschool children participated in this cross-sectional study. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients and multiple regression analyses. Parents’ eye health knowledge, eye health threat factors (perceived severity and susceptibility), and eye health efficacy factors (self-efficacy and response efficacy) related to preschoolers were measured. Eye health behavior was assessed by observing the children’s behavior over the past week.
Results
The eye health behaviors of preschool children were positively correlated with their parents’ eye health knowledge (r=.21, p=.006), perceived severity (r=.22, p=.004), response efficacy (r=.36, p<.001), and self-efficacy (r=.64, p<.001). Children’s eye health behavior showed a negative correlation with perceived susceptibility (r=-.27, p<.001). As seen on multiple regression analysis, the factor influencing children’s eye health behavior was self-efficacy (β=.57, p<.001), and the model’s explanatory power was approximately 43% (F=24.09, p<.001).
Conclusion
To promote eye health behavior in preschool children, it is necessary to strengthen the self-efficacy of parents. The results of this study can be used to develop eye health programs for preschool children and their parents.

Purpose
This study examined the literature concerning the burdens of parents of preschool-aged children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Methods
We employed an integrative review methodology based on Whittemore and Knafl's framework. The literature search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines across four electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, the Cumulative Index to Nursing Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and PsycINFO. Ultimately, 18 articles were included in the review.
Results
The review yielded four themes: (1) parental burdens, (2) factors related to the burdens, (3) coping strategies, and (4) implications for clinical practice. Parents experienced psychological, physical, and social burdens due to the diabetes care of their children. Several factors influenced burdens, including child-related characteristics such as age, severity of diabetes, and hospitalization experience, as well as parental factors like family income, race, and residential area. Parents initially felt burdened when their child was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, but over time, they often adapted to the situation through support and sharing of responsibilities. Parents desired education and interventions reflecting the unique characteristics of preschoolers.
Conclusion
This integrative literature review revealed that parents experience numerous burdens when their child is diagnosed with diabetes. Future research should focus on developing interventions to address parents' psychological difficulties, including tracking parental psychological changes over time. Tailored nursing interventions should also be provided to parents of preschool-aged children, as opposed to the more generic nursing interventions traditionally applied across all age groups of children in clinical settings.

Citations

• Distinguishing risk factors for depression and burnout in parents managing type 1 diabetes mellitus in children
  Sumbule Koksoy Vayisoglu, Ebru Koc, Emine Oncu
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2025; 80: 32.     CrossRef
• Factors affecting care burden and life satisfaction among parents of children with type 1 diabetes
  Tuğba Bilgehan, Ezgi Bağrıaçık, Münevver Sönmez
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2024; 77: e394.     CrossRef
• Preferences for Peer Support Amongst Families Engaged in Paediatric Screening Programmes: The Perspectives of Parents Involved in Screening for Type 1 Diabetes in Children Aged 3–13
  Ian Litchfield, Lauren M. Quinn, Felicity Boardman, Olga Boiko, Parth Narendran, Shivam Choundhary, Naga Setti, Veer Sheth, Sheila M. Greenfield
  Health Expectations.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
Developmental disabilities (DDs) are a global childhood problem whose prevalence is rising, with a disproportionate impact on individuals in low-and middle-income countries. However, data on the prevalence of DDs in the Arab world are limited. This review highlights what is currently known about the prevalence and risk factors of DDs in preschool children in the Arab world.
Methods
PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, CINAHL, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were searched for publications on DDs among preschool children in the Arab world. Only 14 studies were identified in the literature, from 12 Arab countries.
Results
The overall estimated prevalence of DDs among preschool children in the Arab world is 27.5%. An analysis of risk factors for DDs showed that child-related, maternal, and family-related factors account for a significant cumulative risk of developing DDs in preschool children. Maternal factors, such as antenatal and perinatal complications, were the most common risk factors.
Conclusion
The prevalence of DDs among preschoolers is significantly high in the Arab world, which emphasizes the importance of the early detection and diagnosis of DD, as well as its associated risk factors.

Citations

• Bedouin fathers of children with developmental disabilities—Stress, stigma and collaboration with professionals
  I. Manor-Binyamini
  Research in Developmental Disabilities.2025; 157: 104902.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of developmental disability among school-age children in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study
  Mohammad E Tamboosi, Sara E Tamboosi, Abdulrahman M Bajaber, Aleyah A Himdi, Balsam A Alqaraf, Eyad N Baakdah, Raghad A Baakhdhar, Zyad M Hakami
  International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent.2025; 12(2): 91.     CrossRef
• The complex approach of risk factors in the emergence of developmental disorders in children of young age
  Victoria Cepraga, Elena Dolapciu, Dina Bujor, Olga Cirstea, Rodica Eremciuc, Rebeca Cataraga, Adela Horodisteanu-Banuh, Ninel Revenco
  Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Me.2025; 80(3): 166.     CrossRef
• Assessment of idiopathic scoliosis among adolescents and associated factors in Palestine
  Omar H. Almahmoud, Baraa Baniodeh, Reem Musleh, Sanabel Asmar, Mohammed Zyada, Hadeel Qattousah
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2024; 74: 85.     CrossRef
• Developmental delay and its demographic and social predictors among preschool-age children in Palestine
  Omar H. Almahmoud, Lubna Abushaikha
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2024; 74: 101.     CrossRef
• Predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for caregivers of children with developmental disabilities in Saudi Arabia: An observational study
  Mohammed S. Alghamdi, Abdulaziz Awali
  Medicine.2024; 103(32): e39206.     CrossRef
• Comprehensive evaluation of the child with global developmental delays or intellectual disability
  Abdullah Nasser Aldosari, T. Saeed Aldosari
  Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2024; 67(9): 435.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study investigated the relationships between mothers' knowledge and practice level of cough etiquette and their children's practice level of cough etiquette as perceived by their mothers.
Methods
This study was a descriptive correlational study. The data were collected from 160 mothers with preschoolers attending daycare centers and kindergartens in Gwangju, South Korea using self-reported questionnaires.
Results
The correct answer rate for cough etiquette knowledge in mothers was 86.0%, mothers' average practice score was 33.65±4.14, and their children's average practice score was 28.39±4.85 out of 48. The correlation between mothers' cough etiquette knowledge and practice level was not statistically significant. However, mothers' cough etiquette practice was positively correlated with children's cough etiquette level as perceived by mothers (r=.35, p<.001).
Conclusion
The development of a systematic cough etiquette education program and measurements for both mothers and children according to their developmental stages is important to effectively prevent respiratory infections.

Citations

• Trends in the Use of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic, February 2021 to December 2023: A Mixed Methods Study
  Nicole M. Robertson, Kailey Fischer, Iris Gutmanis, Veronica Zhu, Brenda L. Coleman
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2025; 22(3): 394.     CrossRef
• Gender differences associated with knowledge, attitude, and behavior about cough etiquette in primary health care
  Rahmat Bakhtiar, Krispinus Duma, Hilda Hilda, Romi Hendra, Anwar Mallongi
  Pharmacia.2024; 71: 1.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study was conducted to determine the influence of ego-identity, parenting efficacy, and stress coping style on depression in mothers of toddlers.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study. Data were collected from 164 mothers of toddlers, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS for Windows version 24.0.
Results
The factors influencing depression in mothers of toddlers included ego-identity, economic status, and perceived health status. These variables explained 60.0% of depression in mothers of toddlers.
Conclusion
Lower ego-identity was associated with more intense depression. Therefore, healthcare providers should develop intervention programs that can improve ego-identity to decrease depression among mothers of toddlers.

Citations

• Factors influencing children’s emotional and behavioral problems perceived by North Korean refugee mothers: a descriptive study
  In-Sook Lee, Jeong-Hee Jeon
  Child Health Nursing Research.2024; 30(2): 129.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Changes in Parenting Behavior during Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
  Mi-Ra Kim, Sun-Mi Chae
  Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2022; 26(2): 80.     CrossRef

Purpose
A hand-washing program using role-playing was developed for preschool children and tested to verify its usefulness.
Methods
The participants were 46 preschool children (experimental group, 23; control group, 23). Data were collected from August 7, 2017 to September 20, 2017. The first posttest was carried out on the day after the initial intervention was completed, and the second posttest was performed after a month. Data were analyzed using the x2 test, Fisher exact test, Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney test, and Friedman test.
Results
In the experimental group, the frequency of practicing hand-washing was significantly higher than in the control group on the next day (z=-4.94, p<.001) and after a month (z=-3.15, p=.002). The accuracy of hand-washing was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group on the next day (z=-4.02, p<.001) and after a month (z=-3.86, p<.001).
Conclusion
The hand-washing program developed in this study was found to be an effective intervention strategy for improving the frequency and accuracy of hand-washing among preschool children.

Citations

• Impact of Personal Hygiene Education Based on Social Learning Theory on Preschool Children
  Isin Biyikoglu Alkan, Nebahat Bora Gunes, Musa Ozsavran, Tulay Kuzlu Ayyildiz
  Early Childhood Education Journal.2025; 53(2): 539.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Video-Supported Hand-washing Training on Hand-washing Knowledge and Skills in Children in Need of Protection
  Refiye Akpolat, Zehra Şevval Yavuz, Elçin Birce Birkan, Cansu Yeşil
  Middle Black Sea Journal of Health Science.2025; 11(2): 116.     CrossRef
• Status of Early Childhood Health Promotion Education and Educational Needs Perceived by Primary Caregivers
  Young-Ran Lee, Eunjeong Nam, Sun-Nam Park, Mi-Ran Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursi.2025; 32(3): 376.     CrossRef
• İlköğretim Öğrencilerine Rol Oynama (Rol-Play) Yöntemi ile Uygulanan El Hijyeni Eğitiminin Öğrencilerin El Yıkama Bilgi ve Becerilerine Etkisi
  Hatice YUMRU, Şerife KOÇ
  Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elek.2021; 14(3): 188.     CrossRef
• Rinse-free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children
  Zachary Munn, Catalin Tufanaru, Craig Lockwood, Cindy Stern, Helen McAneney, Timothy H Barker
  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with smartphone overdependency in preschool children based on an analysis of mother, child, and their mutual dyadic relationships.
Methods
Data were collected from 171 mothers of preschool children enrolled at daycare centers and kindergartens from January to March 2018. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance with Scheffé post hoc test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regression analysis using SPSS version 24.
Results
The self regulation of preschool children (β=-.358, p<.001) was the factor most closely associated with smartphone overdependency. The second most closely associated factor was children’s use of a smartphone 0.5-1 hour daily (β=-.249, p=.005). Additional associated factors were mothers’ use of a smartphone for 3-4 hours daily (β=.217, p=.002), children’s use of a smartphone for less than 0.5 hour daily (β=-.212, p=.006), and children’s use of a smartphone for 1-2 days per week (β=-.205, p=.026).
Conclusion
Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to try to develop guidelines and programs to prevent smart phone overdependency in preschool children.

Citations

• Types and contexts of child mobile screen use and associations with early childhood behavior
  Sumudu R. Mallawaarachchi, Jeromy Anglim, Sharon Horwood
  Early Childhood Research Quarterly.2025; 70: 274.     CrossRef
• FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SMARTPHONE OVERDEPENDENCE IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN AND ITS EFFECT ON SOCIAL BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS
  Leyla Çakmak, Fikriye Aksoy Boğanak, Nurettin Menteş, Mustafa Volkan
  Sağlık ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi.2025; 7(1): 43.     CrossRef
• Prevalence, determinants and consequences of problematic smartphone use among preschoolers (3–5 years) from Dhaka, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional investigation
  Faruq Abdulla, Md. Moyazzem Hossain, Mohammed Nazmul Huq, Abdul Hai, Azizur Rahman, Russell Kabir, Farhana Jahan Peya, Sinigdha Islam, Hafiz T.A. Khan
  Journal of Affective Disorders.2023; 329: 413.     CrossRef
• Uso de los dispositivos móviles en la infancia: oportunidades y peligros
  Mercedes González-Sanmamed, Luisa Losada-Puente , Nuria Rebollo-Quintela, Eduardo Rodríguez-Machado
  Psychology, Society & Education.2023; 15(3): 1.     CrossRef
• Associations of smartphone and tablet use in early childhood with psychosocial, cognitive and sleep factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Sumudu R. Mallawaarachchi, Jeromy Anglim, Merrilyn Hooley, Sharon Horwood
  Early Childhood Research Quarterly.2022; 60: 13.     CrossRef
• The Relationship between Korean Parents’ Smartphone Addiction and That of Their Children: The Mediating Effects of Children’s Depression and Social Withdrawal
  Shin-Il Lim, Sookyung Jeong
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2022; 19(9): 5593.     CrossRef
• Parents’ perceptions of their children’s smartphone use (Percepciones de las familias sobre el uso infantil del móvil)
  Pablo-César Muñoz-Carril, Isabel Dans-Álvarez-de-Sotomayor, Eduardo-José Fuentes-Abeledo, María-Lidia Platas-Ferreiro
  Culture and Education.2022; 34(4): 974.     CrossRef
• Smartphone use patterns and problematic smartphone use among preschool children
  Jeong Hye Park, Minjung Park, Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
  PLOS ONE.2021; 16(3): e0244276.     CrossRef
• Structural Equation Modeling of the Interaction between Mothers and Preschool-Age Children
  Hyun-Yi Chai, Mi-Young Choi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(5): 630.     CrossRef
• Parental Factors Associated with Smartphone Overuse in Preschoolers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Gumhee Lee, Sungjae Kim, Heajin Yu
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(3): 349.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study was conducted to measure adiposity and to investigate related factors in preschoolers born prematurely.
Methods
A longitudinal follow-up study was conducted with 52 preschoolers at 5 years of corrected age among 343 preterm infants. Their adiposity status was evaluated based on measurements of body mass index, subscapular and triceps skin fold thickness (SFT), waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and mid-arm circumference at a home visit.
Results
The findings showed that SFT measurements, particularly at the triceps, reflected the degree of adiposity more accurately than other conventional measures. A shorter gestation, older maternal age, and the mother having more years of formal education were associated with higher levels of adiposity in the preschoolers.
Conclusion
The adiposity of children born prematurely needs to be thoroughly monitored with additional SFT measurements, considering the risk of accelerated growth patterns overriding regular catch-up growth in children born prematurely.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to determine the needs for children’s health promotion education programs as perceived by child care center teachers and mothers.
Methods
This study conducted a survey of 88 child care center teachers and 70 mothers of preschool children in Seoul from January 4 to February 5, 2016. This study aimed to characterize the current conditions of health promotion education for preschool children and the needs for health promotion education as perceived by child care center teachers and mothers of preschool children.
Results
Areas of high need for health promotion education included lifestyle improvements for preventing diseases in children and awareness of the importance of health in educational objectives, standardized educational manuals, health educators as educators, child care centers as educational places, local health centers as educational support organizations, regular class hours as educational time, role play for training, and actual models in the educational medium. The educational subjects for which a high need was reported included safety and accident prevention, the role of smartphones and TV watching in mental health, and personal hygiene and disease prevention.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that it is necessary to develop a health promotion education program for preschool children.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the meaning and essence of experiences of stress in mothers of preschoolers with atopic dermatitis.
Methods
This study employed a qualitative research design. Seven mothers of preschoolers with atopic dermatitis were interviewed and the data were analyzed using Giorgi’s phenomenological method.
Results
Five main themes and 12 theme clusters emerged. The 5 main themes were 1) the mother’s enduring heartache from the conflict that arise among family members, 2) the complete loss of daily happiness, 3) the steady stream of emotional fluctuations, 4) struggling to bear the heavy financial burden, and, 5) a life of hope accompanied by stress.
Conclusion
The results of this study provide an in-depth understanding of stress among mothers of preschoolers with atopic dermatitis. These results can be used in the development of nursing interventions to provide psychological and emotional support for mothers and family members.

Citations

• Development and pilot evaluation of a theory-based self-care program for late school-aged children with atopic dermatitis: a quasi-experimental study in South Korea
  Da-Jeong Kum, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2026; 32(1): 66.     CrossRef
• “Becoming a shield under a leaky umbrella” : a phenomenological study of mothers’ experiences caring for preschool children in high fine-dust environments
  Ju Won Seo, Eunjung Ryu
  International Journal of Qualitative Studies on He.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impact of Atopic Dermatitis® on Quality of Life of Caregivers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  John Chun Hian Yap, Yik Weng Yew
  Dermatitis®.2024; 35(6): 554.     CrossRef
• “I have to be brave” – parents’ experiences of caring for a child with eczema
  Christine Chua, Judith Chew, Winnie Lim
  Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Developmen.2023; 33(4): 256.     CrossRef
• Views and experiences of managing eczema: systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies*
  E. Teasdale, I. Muller, K. Sivyer, D. Ghio, K. Greenwell, S. Wilczynska, A. Roberts, M.J. Ridd, N. Francis, L. Yardley, K.S. Thomas, M. Santer
  British Journal of Dermatology.2021; 184(4): 627.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study was to evaluate the quality of online health information related to infants and preschoolers accessible through mobile applications and websites.
Methods
Using combinations of the terms ‘infant’, ‘preschooler’, and ‘health’ as the main keyword or categories, the researchers searched relevant mobile applications and websites in Korean application markets and popular search engines. Twelve mobile application and 14 websites were finally selected according to our inclusion criteria and evaluated using DISCERN instrument.
Results
The overall quality score of online health information available through mobile applications was 2.00 of 5 points, the reliability score was 2.15, and the quality score was 1.76. The overall quality score of online health information available through websites was 2.29, the reliability score was 2.40, and the quality score was 1.82.
Conclusion
The quality of online health information related to young children was found to be low and to have potentially significant drawbacks according to DISCERN criteria. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a system to evaluate and regulate the quality of online health information. Additionally, factors that readers can use to judge the quality of health information, such as references and the benefit versus risks of the information, should be provided.

Citations

• Correlation between oral health knowledge, demand for remote education tools, and self-efficacy among parents of children and adolescents
  Min-Ji Park, Herry Novrinda, Jae-Young Lee
  Journal of Korean Society of Dental Hygiene.2025; 25(1): 69.     CrossRef
• The Impact of Mothers’ Smartphone Use, eHealth Literacy, Maternal Role Performance Confidence, and Online Social Support on Health Promotion Behavior for Infants and Toddlers
  Se-Young JUNG, So Yeon PARK
  Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2024; 24(3): 134.     CrossRef
• Caregivers of children feel confident about using the Internet for health information
  Emma Delemere, Rebecca Maguire
  Health Information & Libraries Journal.2023; 40(1): 54.     CrossRef
• Effects of e-Health Literacy, Parenting Stress, and Maternal Role Confidence on Children’s Health-Promoting Behaviors in Mothers of Infants and Toddlers
  So-Hee Park, Jeung-Im Kim
  Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2023; 27(2): 92.     CrossRef
• Interactivity, Quality, and Content of Websites Promoting Health Behaviors During Infancy: 6-Year Update of the Systematic Assessment
  Danielle Jawad, Heilok Cheng, Li Ming Wen, Chris Rissel, Louise Baur, Seema Mihrshahi, Sarah Taki
  Journal of Medical Internet Research.2022; 24(10): e38641.     CrossRef
• Needs for Post-hospital Education among Parents of Infants and Toddlers with Congenital Heart Disease
  Bo Ryeong Lee, Hyun Young Koo
  Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(1): 107.     CrossRef
• Knowledge of Diaper Dermatitis and Diaper Hygiene Practices among Mothers of Diaper-wearing Children
  Jin Sun Kim, Yong Sun Jeong, Eun Jin Jeong
  Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(2): 112.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to construct a model to explain the parenting satisfaction associated with the role transition of older mothers with preschool children.
Methods
The participants of this study were mothers of 3- to 6-year-old children who gave birth after 35 years of age, and were drawn from 16 child care centers and 8 kindergartens in 4 administrative districts of B city. Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 22.0 and AMOS for Windows version 22.0.
Results
Parental stress, mother-child interactions, parental beliefs regarding personality, and socioeconomic status (income, education, and occupation) had direct effects on parenting satisfaction. Social support also showed direct and indirect effects. Among the sub factors of child temperament, sociability had a significant effect. These variables explained 57.4% of the variation in parenting satisfaction.
Conclusion
The results of this study will contribute to the development of effective programs to enhance the parenting satisfaction of older mothers, and will help older mothers through the role transition necessary for the growth of their children.

Purpose
This study was conducted to describe parenting stress in mothers of preschoolers who were born prematurely and to determine factors affecting parenting stress in child’s problem behavior, mother-child interaction and parenting alliance.
Methods
An exploratory survey study was conducted with 66 mothers of preschool children (5~6 years) with preterm births (PTB). Data were collected using Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Mother-Preschool Child Interaction Scale (MPIS), and Parenting Alliance Inventory (PAI).
Results
Of the 66 mothers, 8(12.1%) showed high scores that were more than borderline for the PSI total score. In the multiple linear regression analysis, lower scores on the PAI (β=-.41, p<.001), higher scores on the externalizing problem behavior of the CBCL (β=.40, p=.001), and lower scores on the MPIS (β=-.21, p=.043) were statistically significant contributors to maternal parenting stress.
Conclusion
Findings indicate that mothers of PTB preschool children are at risk for parenting stress. Child’s externalizing problem behavior, poor maternal- child interaction and parenting alliance were independent factors raising maternal parenting stress. More attention is needed on paternal parenting support, child’s behavioral development, interaction with children for effective prevention and management of maternal parenting stress of PTB young children.

Citations

• Spousal support, parent–nurse partnership and caregiver burden among parents of children with chronic diseases: A cross‐sectional study
  Jihye Kim, Heemin Chae, Yoonjung Kim
  Journal of Clinical Nursing.2024; 33(7): 2649.     CrossRef
• Structural Equation Modeling of the Interaction between Mothers and Preschool-Age Children
  Hyun-Yi Chai, Mi-Young Choi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(5): 630.     CrossRef
• Parenting Stress in Preterm and Full-term Infant Mothers by Their Children’s Developmental Stages
  Kieun Kim, Hyejung Lee
  Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2020; 24(3): 162.     CrossRef

Purpose
The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of preschooler obesity/overweight and to identify associated factors.
Methods
This study was a cross-sectional study. Data for 591 preschoolers, 432 fathers and 538 mothers from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014 were included. Obesity/overweight was defined by 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. T-test, Rao-Scott χ2, multivariate logistic regression was used for the analysis.
Results
Prevalence rates for preschooler obesity/overweight were 14.9% (obesity, 5.4%; overweight, 9.5%). The preschoolers with atopic dermatitis or allergic rhinitis or asthma (OR=2.78, 95% CI [1.27-6.09], p=.011) and eating more thiamine per day (OR=1.01, 95% CI [1.00-1.02], p=.001) showed higher obesity/overweight development. The only parental factor affecting preschooler obesity/overweight was parental body mass index (father, OR=1.18, 95% CI [1.09-1.28], p<.001; mother, OR=1.09, 95% CI [1.04-1.15], p<.001).
Conclusion
Interventions on preventing preschooler obesity should be introduced much earlier for children with risk factors. Results from this study can be used as preliminary data to develop effective strategies to prevent obesity in Korean preschoolers.

Citations

• Validation of the Korean Version of the Nutrition Screening Tool for Every Preschooler (NutriSTEP ® ): Using the Rasch Model
  So Hyun Park, Youn-Jung Son, Hanjong Park
  Journal of the American Nutrition Association.2026; 45(3): 280.     CrossRef
• Analysis of the factors that influence preschool children eating behavior by applying the health belief model: Seoul and Gyeonggi Province
  Sung-Mi Cha, Soo-Youn Kim
  Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(3): 541.     CrossRef
• Social Ecological Factors for Adolescent Obesity: Using the 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data
  Kyong Sil Park
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2023; 48(3): 233.     CrossRef
• Relationship between the Dietary Behavior of Young Children and Their Mothers in Daejeon, Korea Using the Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers and Adults
  InYoung Jeong, SuJin Song
  Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(1): 12.     CrossRef
• Risk Factors in Early Life for Preschool Children in Korea that are Associated with Being Overweight or Obese
  Jin Suk Ra, Hyun Jung Yun
  Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2020; 11(1): 15.     CrossRef
• Relations among Maternal Employment, Depressive Symptoms, Breastfeeding Duration, and Body Mass Index Trajectories in Early Childhood
  Jihyoung Kim
  Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2020; 24(2): 75.     CrossRef
• Factors associated with Obesity among Korean Adolescents based on the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016)
  Hyun Young Koo, Eun Kyung Lee
  Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(1): 28.     CrossRef
• Assessment of dietary behaviors among preschoolers in Daejeon: using Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers (NQ-P)
  Hye-Jin Lee, Jin Hee Kim, SuJin Song
  Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(2): 194.     CrossRef
• Association between Body Mass Index and Dental Caries : Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 - 2015
  Jihye Jang, Miso Lee, Jaegon Kim, Yeonmi Yang, Daewoo Lee
  THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DEN.2019; 46(3): 283.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between mother child-rearing attitude, language control styles and preschool child’s social competence, and also, to provide a basis for development of a program to promote preschool child’s social competence.
Methods
The present study was a descriptive research. Participants in this study were a convenience sample of 300 preschool children and their mothers. For the final analysis 264 questionnaires were used after eliminating questionnaires with incomplete responses. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 program.
Results
The mean score for mother’s child-rearing attitude was 3.31±0.25 out of 5 points, for hierarchical language control styles (2.76±0.62), commanding (1.95±0.58), and humanistic (2.48±0.62) out of 5 points, and for child’s social competence, 3.50±0.34 out of 5 points. Negative correlations were found between commanding language control styles and child’s social competence (r= -.34, p < .001), and between commanding language control style and mother’s child-rearing attitude (r = -.50, p < .001).
Conclusion
The results demonstrate the importance of the quality of mother’s child-rearing attitude and language control styles for child’s social competence. It is suggested that promotion programs to enhance preschool child’s social competence should be developed in conjunction with the parenting related environment.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among preschoolers’ smartphone addiction tendency, problem behaviors, and parenting efficacy of the mothers of these children.
Methods
A cross-sectional, descriptive study design was used with self-administered questionnaires. A total of 83 mothers of preschoolers aged 4-6 years and their preschool teachers from a kindergarten participated in the study.
Results
Mean daily time spent by the preschoolers on smartphones was about 45 minutes/day. About 40% spent more than 60 minutes/day on smartphones. The majority (69.8%) used smartphones without adult supervision. The level of smartphone addiction tendency among the pre-schoolers was 1.52±0.45 on a 4-point scale. Preschoolers whose mothers use smartphones for more than 60 minutes/day showed a higher level of smartphone addiction tendency than preschoolers whose mothers use smartphones for less than 60 minutes/day. Also smartphone addiction tendency among preschoolers had a positive correlation with hyperactive-distractible behavior (r = .228, p = .038) and a negative correlation with parenting efficacy of their mothers (r = -.299, p = .006).
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrated that preschooler’s smartphone addiction tendency is significantly associated with hyperactive-distractible behaviors of the children and low parenting efficacy among their mothers. Therefore well-designed care plans for these populations should be provided to decrease smartphone addiction tendency.

Citations

• Types and contexts of child mobile screen use and associations with early childhood behavior
  Sumudu R. Mallawaarachchi, Jeromy Anglim, Sharon Horwood
  Early Childhood Research Quarterly.2025; 70: 274.     CrossRef
• Addressing the impact of smartphone use on children’s health: a comprehensive analysis of physical, psychological, social, and behavioral effects
  Mohammed Said Obeidat, Faten Hani AL-Shalabi
  Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science.2025; 26(5): 690.     CrossRef
• Parent-Child Relationships and Children’s Addiction to Smartphones: A Review of International Studies
  Victor P. Sheinov
  RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics.2025; 22(1): 75.     CrossRef
• Prevalence, determinants and consequences of problematic smartphone use among preschoolers (3–5 years) from Dhaka, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional investigation
  Faruq Abdulla, Md. Moyazzem Hossain, Mohammed Nazmul Huq, Abdul Hai, Azizur Rahman, Russell Kabir, Farhana Jahan Peya, Sinigdha Islam, Hafiz T.A. Khan
  Journal of Affective Disorders.2023; 329: 413.     CrossRef
• Associations of smartphone and tablet use in early childhood with psychosocial, cognitive and sleep factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Sumudu R. Mallawaarachchi, Jeromy Anglim, Merrilyn Hooley, Sharon Horwood
  Early Childhood Research Quarterly.2022; 60: 13.     CrossRef
• Parental Factors Associated with Smartphone Overuse in Preschoolers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Gumhee Lee, Sungjae Kim, Heajin Yu
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(3): 349.     CrossRef
• Pathway from Maternal Parenting Efficacy, Inappropriate Motives for Allowing Smart Devices, and Smart Device Dependency to Preschoolers’ Ability to Understand Minds
  Yun Mi Park, Min Ju Kang
  Korean Journal of Child Studies.2020; 41(6): 9.     CrossRef
• Factors associated with Smartphone Overdependency in Preschool Children
  MinJung Lee, SungHee Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(4): 383.     CrossRef
• Effects of the Age at First Use of Smart Devices and the Amount of Time to Use Smart Devices on the Externalizing Problem Behavior of Infants and the Moderating Roles of Maternal Managing Behavior
  Yoon Kyung Kim, Ho Jung Kim, Mi Kyung Yoon, Ju Hee Park
  Family and Environment Research.2018; 56(6): 541.     CrossRef
• Effects of Hyperactivity Tendency and Ego-Resiliency on Smartphone Game Overflow Among Young Children
  Ha Ra Ban, Nary Shin
  Korean Journal of Child Studies.2017; 38(4): 117.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to measure (the degree of) injury risk perception in preschool children.
METHODS
The data were collected from child day care centers and kindergartens located in Seoul, and Gyeonggi and Kwangwon Province. A questionnaire consisted of 28 pictures was administered to 186 preschool children.
RESULTS
The mean score for the injury risk perception was 21.83 (+/-3.89), and 77.98 converted into a 100-point scale. According to sub-categories, 'burn prevention' (.96+/-.13) was the highest, 'interpersonal safety' (.44+/-.31) was the lowest. There were significant differences in injury risk perception according to gender (t=-2.358, p=.019), age (t=-2.101, p=.037), experience of safety education (t=-3.719, p<.001), area of residence (t=-3.445, p=.001), injury experience (t=3.212, p=.002), and mother's occupation (t=-4.858, p<.001). The highest item in the percentage of correct answer item was 'making jump on the desk', the lowest item in the percentage of correct answer item was 'not wearing safety equipment when rollerblading'.
CONCLUSION
Based on this study, studies should be continued to standardize the instrument. In addition, it is recommended that an injury prevention education program should be developed based on the results of this study to stimulate demand and interest.

Citations

• Risk Factors for Pediatric Inpatient Falls
  Myung Sook Cho, Mi Ra Song, Sun Kyung Cha
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2013; 43(5): 595.     CrossRef
• The Validity and Reliability of Injury Risk Perception in Preschool Children
  Shin-Jeong Kim, Kyung-Ah Kang, Sung-Hee Kim, Yae-Young Kim, Jung-Eun Lee
  Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2012; 26(2): 258.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to explore recognition of mother-child interaction by preschoolers' mothers.
METHODS
Data were collected through in-depth interviews with mothers of 12 preschoolers. The data were analyzed following Downe-Wamboldt's content analysis methodology.
RESULTS
From the data, 170 significant statements were selected and were classified into 7 categories and three domains (maternal, child, dyadic). First, the maternal domain consisted of maternal sensitivity, acceptable responsiveness, and child developmental encouragement. Second, the child domain consisted of child's sensitivity, responsiveness, and initiative. Third, the dyadic domain consisted of mutuality.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that preschoolers' mothers recognize the significant qualitative aspects of interaction with their children. Based on these results, instruments for preschooler-mother interaction need to be developed.

Citations

• Structural Equation Modeling of the Interaction between Mothers and Preschool-Age Children
  Hyun-Yi Chai, Mi-Young Choi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(5): 630.     CrossRef
• The Relationship Between Mother’s Child-Rearing Attitude, Language Control Styles, and Preschool Child’s Social Competence
  Sunghee Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(2): 97.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Preschool Child-Mother Interaction, Child's Health Status, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Social Development.
  Sunghee Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2014; 20(4): 255.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to develop and investigate the effect of a combined health promotion program for preschool children and their parents.
METHODS
Physical examinations were done for 993 preschoolers in 12 preschools. Their parents (n=727) completed a questionnaire on health status and health knowledge of their children and 35 teachers in preschools completed one on health knowledge of preschoolers. Based on the results of the physical examinations and survey, a combined health promotion program was developed. In order to evaluate the program, 35 teachers and 104 parents participated in the program. The effects of the program were tested and health knowledge before and after the program was analyzed.
RESULTS
Health knowledge of parents and teachers increased significantly after attending the combined health promotion program.
CONCLUSION
In order to promote the health of preschoolers, parents and teachers need to participate in combined health programs that provide an opportunity for preschoolers to have a physical examination and their parents to learn about the health care for their children.

Citations

• Development and Effects of a Hand-washing Program using Role-playing for Preschool Children
  Hyun Sook Lim, In Soo Kwon
  Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(2): 123.     CrossRef
• Effects of Korean Medicine Health Promotion program for Children-Focus on Education and Prevention Programs-
  Angela Dongmin Sung, Hyun-Kyung Sung, Haemo Park, Sundong Lee
  Journal of Korean Medicine.2017; 38(4): 90.     CrossRef
• Development of an Ecological Model to Improve Health Care Management for Children in Child Care Centers.
  Eun Sook Park, Yeo Jin Im, Eun Ji Cho
  Child Health Nursing Research.2013; 19(1): 59.     CrossRef
• Development and Evaluation of Comprehensive Health Care Program for Infectious Disease Management in Child Care Centers by Doctor of Korean Medicine
  Jimin Park, Minjung Park, Byonghee Cho
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2013; 30(1): 65.     CrossRef
• Development and Verification of the Effect of Health Lifestyle Education Program for Cancer Prevention in Late School-aged Children
  Mi-Hye Cho, In-Soo Kwon
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2012; 18(4): 192.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with the problem behaviors perceived by mothers of pre-school age children.
METHODS
The participants were 211 mothers living in 3 cities in Korea. The data were collected from May to June 2009 using a self-reported questionnaire including demographic data, child rearing-attitude, and K-CBCL 1.5-5. The data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 12.0 version.
RESULTS
Factors related to the mothers' perception on problem behaviors of their preschool child were; first born child, economic status, rearing attitude and occupational status of mother.
CONCLUSION
According to the result of this study, mothers reporting lower economic status perceived their children with more behavioral problems. Also, compared to the second or only child, the first born children were perceived to have more problems. Further study is needed to understand the mother and child interaction among these groups to implement appropriate parent education and counseling.

PURPOSE
This study was done to test the reliability and validity of the Korean parent as a teacher (KPAAT) inventory for a group of parents of preschoolers. METHODS: For this methodological study with 187 parents were recruited from October to December, 2004 using convenience sampling. Self-report questionnaires measured level of child-rearing attitude. Internal consistency reliability was assessed with Cronbach's alpha coefficients. Construct validity of KPAAT inventory was analyzed using item analyses and factor analysis. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Program Version 14.0. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the KPAAT inventory was 0.881. For item analyses, inter-item correlation coefficients were -0.029~0.781. Corrected item-total correlation coefficients were 0.012-0.737. Item-to-subscale correlation coefficients ranged from 0.509 to 0.817. Subscale-to-total correlation coefficients were 0.965, 0.711, respectively. Orthogonal varimax rotation of the 85 items in 16 areas of the KPAAT inventory, showed two factors, positive parenting attitude and negative parenting attitude. These two factors explained 48.2% of the total variance. CONCLUSION: In the original KPAAT inventory six factors were identified through factor analysis, however, in this study only two factors were extracted. Whereas, internal consistency reliability was within an acceptable range, these results suggest additional studies are needed to improve the validity of the KPAAT inventory.

PURPOSE
This quasi-experimental study was conducted to identify the effects of dental health education on dental health knowledge and dental hygiene status in preschoolers.
METHODS
Forty-one children were recruited from two daycare centers, one of which served as the experimental group and the other as the comparative group without dental health education. Dental health education consisted of knowledge-oriented lecture and individual practice with a tooth simulator. The dental health knowledge was measured using a self-report questionnaire and dental hygiene using a dental plague index. The measurements were taken before and after the education program in the experimental group while only before the education program in comparative group.
RESULTS
Increases in dental health knowledge and decreases in dental plague index were observed 4 days after the education and lasted at least 8 days after the education.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study indicate that dental health care education consisting of a lecture with simulation practice can be effective in improving dental health care in preschoolers at day care center.

Citations

• Effect of Toothbrushing Application for Kids on Dental Plaque Removal and Interest in Toothbrushing of Preschool Children
  Chae-Ha Hwang, Hyeon-Ju Song, Min-Ji Jung, Yeon-Jae Choi, Young Sun Hwang
  Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2023; 23(3): 208.     CrossRef
• A Basic Study for Introducing Pilot Projects and Analyzing the Effects of Children’s Dentists
  Yeojin Yoon, Songee Che, Ohtak Kwon, Kyungrim Kang
  Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service Resea.2021; 1(2): 221.     CrossRef
• Development and Effects of a Hand-washing Program using Role-playing for Preschool Children
  Hyun Sook Lim, In Soo Kwon
  Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(2): 123.     CrossRef
• Effect of Oral Health Education on Oral Health Knowledge, Oral Health Behavior and Oral Hygiene Status in Children from North Korea
  Jieun Han, Horan Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(4): 440.     CrossRef
• Effect of Repeated Oral Health Education on the Oral Health of Preschool Children
  Jee-Won Lee, Ha-Na Choi
  Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2017; 17(5): 423.     CrossRef
• The Effects of S-solution and A-solution on Oral Health in Preschool Children
  Hee Jung Son, Hae Sook Hong
  Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2015; 17(2): 150.     CrossRef
• Knowledge and Attitudes towards Infant Oral Health, and Related Health Behavior among Parents.
  Haeryun Cho
  Child Health Nursing Research.2014; 20(3): 196.     CrossRef
• Influences of oral health behaviors according to oral health education experiences in middle school students
  Mi-Sook Cho, Min-Kyung Park, Kyeung-Ae Jang
  Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene.2013; 13(4): 639.     CrossRef
• Effects of Mothers Involved in Dental Health Program for Their Children
  Hye Seon Choi, Hye Young Ahn
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2012; 42(7): 1050.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine relationship of preschool child and mother interaction, child's health status, health-related quality of life and social development. Also, it was intended to provide a basis for development of mother-child interaction programs.
METHODS
The present study was a descriptive research. Participants in this study were a convenience sample of 230 preschool children and their mothers. For the final analysis 209 questionnaires were used after eliminating questionnaires with incomplete responses. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 program.
RESULTS
The mean score for interaction between preschool child and mother was 3.96+/-0.55 out of 5 points, for child health status, 3.75+/-0.62 out of 5 points, for child's health-related quality of life, 83.89+/-10.20 out of 100 points and for child's social development, 19.66+/-3.57 out of 24 points. Positive correlations were found between interaction of preschool child and mother, child's health status, health-related quality of life, and social development.
CONCLUSION
The results demonstrate the importance of the quality of the relationship between mother, the child's primary caregiver, and her child for the healthy growth and development of preschool children. It is suggested that intervention programs for preschool child-mother interaction should be developed using evidence based data.

Citations

• The relationship between mothers' knowledge and practice level of cough etiquette and their children's practice level in South Korea
  Jungsun Kim, Sangeun Oh
  Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(4): 385.     CrossRef
• Relationship between paternal psychological distress and involvement in childcare among fathers of preschool-aged children: mediating effect of maternal psychological distress
  Hyeon Sik Chu, Hanyi Lee
  BMC Pediatrics.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Parenting Stress and Maternal–Child Interactions Among Preschool Mothers From the Philippines, Korea, and Vietnam: A Cross-Sectional, Comparative Study
  Yong-Sook Eo, Ji-Soo Kim
  Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2018; 29(5): 449.     CrossRef
• Effects of Psychological, Parenting and Relational Characteristics of Mothers of Preschool Children on Their Depression Levels
  Hye Young Song, Won Jin Ju, Yanghee Pang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nurs.2018; 29(4): 393.     CrossRef
• Model Structure for Mother-Child Relationship for Korean Infants and Toddlers and Their Mothers
  Sun-Jung Park, Kyung-Ah Kang, Shin-Jeong Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(3): 268.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Parenting Stress in Mothers of Preschoolers Born Prematurely
  Sangmi Lee
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(4): 470.     CrossRef
• The Relationship Between Mother’s Child-Rearing Attitude, Language Control Styles, and Preschool Child’s Social Competence
  Sunghee Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(2): 97.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the parenting of mothers with infants and preschoolers in an effort to determine types of parenting.
METHODS
The 32 participating mothers were interviewed and from the content of the interviews, their parenting was analyzed. Statements were categorized and analyzed according to the selected procedure.
RESULTS
The parenting of mothers was classified into positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement, including 55 significant statements and 14 categories. Positive reinforcement was categorized as frequent skin contact, giving pleasure, spending a lot of time with children, improving children's self-esteem, being sensitive to children's needs, realistic discipline, developing independence, listening to children, and understanding and respecting children's feelings. Negative reinforcement was categorized as overprotection, inconsistent attitude, negligence, negative educational behavior, and emphasis on obedience.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that systematic education should be provided for mothers to increase their ability to provide good parenting. It is expected that the findings of this study would be useful in the development of efficient educational programs.

Citations

• Parenting Profiles and Children's Social Skills: The Mediating Role of Effortful Control
  Ja Yeun Koo, Kyung Ja Park
  Korean Journal of Child Studies.2018; 39(1): 89.     CrossRef
• A Study on the Perception of the Parental Role among College Students
  Hyun Jung Doo, Yun Jeong Lee
  Journal of East-West Nursing Research.2016; 22(1): 68.     CrossRef
• Development of a Measurement Instrument for Parenting Behavior of Primary Caregivers in Early Childhood
  Sun-Jung Park, Kyung-Ah Kang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2015; 45(5): 650.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to explore maternal physical activity support for preschool children.
METHODS
Survey methodology using a self-administered questionnaire was employed. Mothers with preschool children from a daycare center in Daejeon participated in the study. One hundred and fifty-six questionnaires were analyzed.
RESULTS
Mothers with preschool children showed a moderate level of physical activity support for their children. Significant factors affecting physical activity support of mothers were monthly household income (beta=.417, p=.002), maternal self-efficacy for physical activity support (beta=.231, p=.003), information for physical activity support (beta=.173, p=.022), and experience of education about physical activity support (beta=.237, p=.002). These variables explained 26.4% of the variance in physical activity support (F=7.628, p<.001).
CONCLUSION
To improve maternal support for increasing physical activity of preschool children, maternal education and appropriate information should be provided to improve self-efficacy for physical activity support.

Citations

• A 24-Hour Movement Behavior for Young Children in South Korea
  Yoonkyung Song, Justin Y. Jeon
  Exercise Science.2023; 32(2): 175.     CrossRef
• Effects of Program to Promote Obesity Prevention Behaviors on Pre-Schoolers: Focused on Kindergartener in Korea
  Inju Hwang, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(2): 188.     CrossRef
• Maternal Weight Control Behaviors for Preschoolers Related to Children’s Gender
  Sun-Mi Chae, Jin Suk Ra
  Journal of Child and Family Studies.2018; 27(2): 547.     CrossRef
• Factors Affecting Obesity and Overweight in Korean Preschool Children: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014
  Inju Hwang, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(4): 237.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to find out preschool children's health status and their mothers' health management in the vulnerable classes.
METHODS
The assessment tool was developed, taken into consideration existing studies, materials produced by the customized visiting health care system, and review of visiting nurses of health centers and related experts. Data were collected January to February 2010 from 259 mothers by visiting nurses, and analyzed using SAS program for descriptive statistics.
RESULTS
Body weight less than 3 percentile was found for 5.0% children and over 97 percentile for 7.7%. Atopy was found in 17.8% children, no hand-washing after toileting and before meal in 30.9% and 36.7% respectively, no breakfast in 15.8%, and irregular meal in 32.0%. Sex education was made by 45.7% mothers, regular dental check by 56.6%, and hearing and eyesight test by 61.1% and 66.8% respectively. Home environment for upbringing is 34.3 in the scale of 41, and accident prevention 17.5 in the scale of 22.
CONCLUSION
It is necessary to make an intervention on children's weight, personal sanitation and meal time in the vulnerable classes. Mothers need to be educated for appropriate health care, and home environments to improve upbringing and accident prevention.

Citations

• Differences in Health Behavior Profiles of Adolescents in Urban and Rural Areas in a Korean City
  Myungah Chae, Kihye Han
  Healthcare.2021; 9(3): 282.     CrossRef
• An Integrative Review of Home Care Service for Pregnant Women, Mothers, Infants, and Toddlers in Vulnerable Group
  Dasom Kim, Insook Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2017; 47(5): 577.     CrossRef
• Interaction Effects of Social Determinants Affecting School-Aged Children’s Health
  Mi Young Kim, Mee Sok Park
  Family and Environment Research.2016; 54(5): 515.     CrossRef
• A Research on the Health Care and the Demand for Visiting Health Care Services for Vulnerable Children in Comparison with Non-vulnerable Children in a Region
  Hye Kyung Nam
  Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2016; 30(3): 556.     CrossRef
• The Associations Between Socioeconomic Status, Caregivers' Depressive Symptoms, Children's Health‐Promoting Behavior, and Children's Physical Health: A Mediation Model
  Joan P. Yoo, Grace H. Chung, Sang‐Gyun Lee
  Asian Social Work and Policy Review.2015; 9(2): 177.     CrossRef
• Survey on Health Care and Household Safety Management for Vulnerable Children
  Hye Kyung Nam
  Journal of muscle and joint health.2014; 21(3): 246.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to identify current health care management and barriers in health care management according to ecological systems, and to develop an ecological model for enhancing health care in child care centers.
METHODS
Focus group interviews were conducted with directors and teachers of child care centers, and with parents of children enrolled in child care. Data were analyzed by the latent content analysis method.
RESULTS
Twelve categories of health care management were identified. Barriers to child health care included knowledge deficit and lack of competence in health care by teachers, lack of useful health care manuals, non-existence of professional child health care personnel in child care centers, lack of mutual information sharing and disagreement on child health conditions between child care personnel and parents, lack of specific health related child care inspection criteria and time flexible child care centers with a lack of policy on collaboration with health care facilities. The ecological model developed included specific strategies to improve health care management in child care.
CONCLUSION
The proposed ecological model to improve child health care management should be useful to plan future health care program considering both the immediate and indirect social environment surrounding children in child care.

Citations

• Κλίμακα αξιολόγησης της σχολικής ετοιμότητας για παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας 5-6 ετών: κατασκευή και ψυχομετρικά χαρακτηριστικά
  Δέσποινα Τσαούση, Ασημίνα M. Ράλλη, Πέτρος Ρούσσος, Φαίη Αντωνίου
  Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychologi.2023; 28(1): 292.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to describe current status in management of children with atopic dermatitis and to examine knowledge and care practices of preschool teachers.
METHODS
A survey using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted. Knowledge and practice were measured with the questionnaire by Park (2011). Data were analysed using SPSS.WIN 20.0.
RESULTS
Of the teachers, 81.3% managed children with atopic dermatitis depending on parents' needs and 58.9% reported difficulties due to limited knowledge and expressed a need for continuing education and provision of educational guidelines. Preschool teachers had a mean score for knowledge about atopic dermatitis of .75 out of 1 point. Among three domains of knowledge, signs & symptoms had the highest score and management, the lowest. The mean score for care practices for children with atopic dermatitis was 3.4 out of 4 points. Among the four domains of care practices, food had the highest score and dress & bedclothes, the lowest. Knowledge and practice of the teachers were different according to responsibility in management and educational need. The correlation between knowledge and practice was not significant.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that educational programs and strategies should be developed to increase preschool teachers' knowledge and improve care practice for children with atopic dermatitis.

PURPOSE
This descriptive study was conducted to examine the status of the health examination in child care centers.
METHOD
The participants in this study were 631 child care centers. A self report questionnaire on health examination which has been examined for content validity, was distributed by mail to 2,000 child care centers using randomized sampling.
RESULT
Of the sample, 76.2% child care centers had done health examination for children. Height & weight, urinalysis, dental check, anemia test and visual acuity were the most frequently performed items. The rate for maintaining a health record was highest in the national/public child care centers. Child care centers more closely related to community health centers, showed higher rates of health examination. CONCLUSION: Health care personnel and financial aids should be provided for child care centers to enhance the level of health management of children.

PURPOSE
This comparative descriptive study was conducted to determine the effects of maternal employment on the maternal child-rearing attitude, child-rearing burden, and temperament and health related variables of their preschool children.
METHOD
Samples were recruited in child care centers in Seoul, Daejeon, and Suwon. 209 mothers with children age of three to six participated.
RESULT
Employed mothers showed more positive child-rearing attitude, but there was no significant difference in child-rearing burden, Also, maternal attitude and child-rearing burden were influenced by satisfaction on the employment state. Children's temperament subscales were not different in two groups. Breast feeding and compliance on vaccination were done better by unemployed mothers. However, home safety, experience of accident and hospitalization of children were not affected by maternal employment.
CONCLUSION
Maternal employment has positive influence in some aspects. This study provides basic data for parent counseling and anticipatory guidance for employed mothers.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study were to develop a respiratory communicable disease prevention program for preschoolers and measure it's effects.
METHOD
The respiratory communicable disease prevention program for preschoolers consisted of texts, cartoons, photographs, discussions, demonstrations, puzzle games, die games, compensation/reinforcement, and token economy which were directed under the systematic design of instruction by Dick & Carey. This study was a quasi experimental study under the nonequivalent control group with pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this study were 45 preschool children who are attending 3 different district nursery schools and they were matched by the age, pretest knowledge, and pretest behavior. The instrument used in this study was criterion referenced test items that were developed by a researcher for evaluating the subject's knowledge, attitude, and behavior about respiratory communicable disease prevention. A pretest was administered a week before treatment. Experimental group I was administered by the treatment of respiratory communicable disease prevention program. Experimental group II was administered by above program with token economy program. The posttest was conducted on the eighth day. The third test for behavior was completed 15th day. To determine the effect of the program, the data were analyzed by the SAS 6.12 program with Kruskal Wallis test, ANCOVA, ANOVA, Duncan's test and paired t-test.
RESULT
1) There was a significant difference in knowledge between the experimental groups and control group(F=5.89, P=0.0197). 2) There was a significant difference in attitude between the experimental groups and control group(F=3.29, P=0.0469). 3) There was a non-significant difference in behavior between the experimental groups and control group(F=0.00, P=0.9512). 4) In the experimental group II, there was highly significant increase in behavior after token economy(t=4.5252, P=0.0005).
CONCLUSION
It was found that the respiratory communicable disease prevention program for preschool children was effective in changing the preschoolers' knowledge and attitude on the respiratory communicable disease prevention, but not enough for changing the preschoolers' behavior. Token economy was improved as an effective and strong method for inducing desirable changes of preschoolers' behavior.

The purpose of this study was to develop a nutrition education program for preschoolers, and to measure it's effects. This program consisted of text. pictures (cartoons), games and topics of discussion. This study was an experimental study undertaken by one pretest-posttest design group. The subjects were 17 preschoolers who were aged 5 and attending an educare center in Seoul. These were the effects of this program: The hypothesis of this study was that "the preschooler's score will be improved after education" was supported (t=5.177, p=.000). Several correlates were examined. There weren't significant differences between pretest and posttest in the importance of balanced nutrition; in the result of under-nutrition; that the black food-group precipitated dental carries and obesity; or the reaction of foods after meals. It is recommended that the nutrition education program not only contain content about the prevent of obesity, but also about the knowledge of various foods and their effects on the human body.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences of accident and visiting emergency center, and the experiences of education about emergency care for parents. The subjects of this study were 117 mothers whose children are attending 9 different nursery schools or kindergartens. The instrument used in this study was developed by researchers and validated by nursing professor, first aid doctor and the president of nursery school, and consisted of 'most important thing in child rearing' ,'experiences of accident and visiting emergency center', 'type of trauma' and 'need for parent education program' the result of this study were as followed ; 1.There were 70.09% of the experience of visiting emergency center among the subjects. The cause of visiting emergency center were high fever and convulsion (42.86%), and trauma by accident (28.04%) 2. The most common type of the indoor accident were fall down and slipping(76.92%), the common type of trauma were contusion (76.92%), abrasion (47.01%), laceration (29.06%), dislocation or fracture (12.82%), burn (10.26%), piercing (8.55%). 3.47.01% of subjects had the experience of education about emergency care for parents. They were educated by child rearing journals (32.72%), small books which were published by hospitals or community health center (25.45%), mass media(21.8%), parent seminar (12.72%), nursery school or kindergarten (5.45%). In conclusion, the need of emergency care for children was strongly found. Therefore, on the basis of above results, the parent education program which fits their cognitive level and their health care needs So, it must be directed on the further study of parents' knowledge about emergency care for children. To enhance the effectiveness of program and accomplish the children's health promotion, advanced instructional media and demonstration must be included.

The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of safety education program in preschool children for accident prevention and improve their health through more systematic method. Data were collected from 584 preschoolers(247 preschooler are assigned to experimental group and 337 preschoolers are assinged to control group) from 4 to 6 years old using APP paper test which consists of questions and drawings. To experimental group, safety education were done 4 times within the time of 30 minutes per 1 time using education books, drawings, OHP. The findings of this study are as follows: 1.There were significant difference in movement( X2=18.732, p=.0000), behavioral character( X2=27.785, p=.000), synthetic judgement( X2=12.02, p=0.002). So, safety education program have effect on preschooler. 2.In the accident proneness on preschooler between experimental group and control group according to general characteristics, it proved significant difference in the case of accident prevention education were done, reasoning power( X2=10.48, p=.005), movement speed( X2=7.341, p=.025) and behavioral character( X2=18.86, p=.000), in the case of housing pattern is private house(individual house, yard?), reasoning power( X2=6.683, p=.035), movement speed( X2=12.76, p= .002) and behavioral character( X2=12.24, p=.002), in the case of housing pattern is mixed-type, movement speed( X2=6.935, p= .031) and behavioral character( X2=10.816, p=.004), in the case of housing pattern is over six stories, movement speed( X2=7.543, p=.023), in the case of subjects' age is 4 years old, movement speed( X2=16.5, p= .000) and behavioral character( X2=12.18, p=.002), in the case of subjects' age is 5 years old, movement speed( X2=7.519, p= .023), watchfulness( X2=6.372, p=.041), behavioral character( X2=14.74, p=0.001) and synthetic judgement( X2=14.5, p=.001), in the case of subjects' sex is male, life safety( X2=6.406, p=.041), movment speed( X2=22.86, p= .000), behavioral character( X2=13.72, p= .001) and synthetic judgement( X2=13.82, p=.001), in the case of subjects' sex is female, reasoning power( X2=12.57, p=.002) and behavioral character( X2=13.16, p= .001), in the case of childrens have past accidental experience, traffic safety( X2= 6.683, p=.035), in the case of childrens have no past accidental experience, reasoning power( X2=8.384, p=.015), movement speed( X2=20.6, p=.000), behavioral character( X2 =25.1, p=.000) and synthetic judgement( X2 =10.79, p=.005), in the case of children's order is first, reasoning power( X2=11.15, p=.004), movement speed( X2=11.92, p= .003) and behavioral character( X2=7.003, p=.030), in the case of children's order is second, movement speed( X2=6.694, p= .035), behavioral character( X2=26.9, p= .000) and synthetic judgement( X2=14.3, p= .001), in the case of nuclear family, reasoning power( X2=8.777, p=.012), movement speed( X2=19.0, p=.000), behavioral character ( X2=26.4, p=0.000) and synthetic judgement ( X2=9.999, p=.007), in the case of mothers' school career is under high school graduate, life safety( X2=8.023, p=.018), movement speed( X2=10.99, p=.004) and behavioral character( X2=6.777, p=.034), in the case of mothers' school career is beyond college graduate, reasoning power( X2=6.717, p= .035), movement speed( X2=8.963, p=.011), behavioral character( X2=25.03, p=.000) and synthetic judgement( X2=15.19, p=.001), in the case of mothers' age ranged 31-34, movement speed( X2=12.29, p=.002) and behavioral character( X2=14.17, p=.001), in the case of mothers' age ranged 35-39, movement speed( X2=9.859, p=.007), behavioral character( X2=9.095, p=.011) and synthetic judgement( X2=7.810, p=.020), in the case of mothers' age is over 40, life safety( X2 =5.593, p=.025), in the case of mothers' job is full-time, traffic safety( X2=6.032, p=.049) and reasoning power( X2=8.502, p= .014), in the case of mothers' job is part- time., movement speed( X2=10.99, p=.004) and behavioral character( X2=7.895, p= .019), in the case of mothers have no job, movement speed( X2=6.410, p=.041), movement stability( X2=6.879, p=.032), behavioral character( X2=27.72, p=.000) and synthetic judgement( X2=18.11, p=.000). The difference of accident proneness between experimental group and control group according to general characterists, it also showed that there were significant difference in behaviorl character compared to other area.. From this findings, we can guess that safety education program change and guide preschoolers' behavioral character to desirable direction.

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data on preschool children for accident prevention and improve their health through sound, safe living enviornment with safety education estabilished through more systematic method. Data were collected from 300 preschoolers(150 preschooler are assigned to experimental group and 150 preschoolers are assinged to control group) from 4 to 6 years old using APP paper test which consists of questions and drawings. To experimental group, safety education were done 4 times within the time of 30 minutes per 1 time using education books, video, OHP, slide. The findings of this study are as follows: 1.There were significant difference in behavioral character between experimental group and control group( chi 2=11.690, p= 0.003). So, safety education have effect on the behavioral character of preschooler. 2. In the accident proneness on preschooler between experimental group and control group according to general characteristics, it proved significant difference in the case of accident prevention education were done, movement stability( chi 2=8.844, p=0.012) and behavioral character( chi 2=6.699, p=0.035), in the case of housing pattern is mixed-type, behavioral character( chi 2=10.37, p=0.006), in the case of subjects' age is 4 years old, watchfulness( chi 2=9.525, p=0.009), in the case of subjects' age is 5 years old, behavioral character( chi 2=7.324, p=0.026), in the case of children's order is second, behavioral character( chi 2=14.31, p=0.001), in the case of children's sex is boy, living safety( chi 2=7.981, p=0.018), movement speed ( chi 2=6.661, p=0.036), bihavioral character( chi 2=8.837, p=0.012), in the case of children's sex is girl, reasoning power( chi 2 =9.78, p=0.008), in the case of childrens have no past accidental experience, behavioral character( chi 2=9.862, p=0.007), in the case of nuclear family, movement speed( chi 2=6.341, p=0.042) and behavioral character( chi 2=9.326, p=0.009), in the case of mothers' age is under thirty behavioral character( chi 2=16.40, p=0.000), in the case of mothers' school career is under high school graduate, behavioral character( chi 2 =8.375, p=0.015), in the case of mothers' school career is beyond college graduate, reasoning power( chi 2=9.803, p=0.007) and behavioral character( chi 2=6.205, p=0.045), in the case of mothers' job is part time, movement speed( chi 2=10.99, p=0.004), in the case of mothers have no job, movement stability( chi 2=8.490, p=0.014) and behavioral character( chi 2=10.11, p=0.006). The difference of accident proneness between experimental group and control group according to general characterists, it also showed that there were significant difference in behaviorl character compared to other area.. From this findings, we can guess that safety education change and guide preschoolers' behavioral character to desirable direction.

Disease prevention and health promotions are basically needed to be healthy, health education si the most useful mean to accomplish them, Preschool children are being developed, their health problem can effect their health status through their lives. This study was attempted to survey for status of health education of kindergarten for preshoolers and to provide the basic precious data for nursing intervention. The subjects were 51 kidergarten teachers. The data were collected by the questionnaires, which consists of 25 items concerning daily life habits of children and 1 item concerning the problems of health education for preschoolers. The data were analyzed by SAS program. The results of this study are as followed ; 1. The most frequently educated subjects were 'adequate and safe play' and 'hand washing', 'walking and running straightly', 'oral hygiene or tooth brushing', 'walking staires'. 2. The most frequently used teaching method was the explaining. 3. The most frequently used instructional media was the pictures. The slide films and OHP was seldomly used media. 4. The most effective teaching method which perceived by the kindergarten teachers was role play. Discussion and compensation/reinforcement were comparatively effective method also. 5. The most effective instructional media which perceived by the kindergarten teachers was a real object/model. 6. The problems of health education for preschoolers were 'deficiency of developed health educational programs' and 'inconsistency between parents' education and kindergarten teachers' education', 'deficiency of instructional media'. The other problems were ' the knowledge deficit of teachers themselves' and 'the difficulty of measure the effect of education', 'time deficit'.
Conclusion
ally, we have to realize the health of children is the future of our health, and reinforce the health education for preschoolers to accomplish the disease prevention and health promotion.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of fathers of preschool children to child rearing and to provide basic data to develop parent education programs.
METHOD
The participants were 84 fathers of preschool children and the measurement tool was the Korean Parent As A Teacher Inventory self-report questionnaire and data were collected from 1 kindergarten and 1 child care center located in Gyeonggi Province.
RESULTS
1) Child-rearing attitudes of the fathers was above average at 2.80(+/-0.19). 2) There were significant difference statistically according to father's occupation (F=3.14, p=0.03) and child characteristics (F=4.87, p=0.01). 3) There were significant correlation between child rearing attitudes of the fathers and their age (tau=-0.16, p=0.04), and child characteristics (tau=0.21, p=0.02).
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that attitudes of fathers to child rearing are important and it is necessary to develop a systemic parenting education program.

PURPOSE
The study was done to investigate factors in mothers related to their intention to get additional vaccination for their children aged 4~6 years.
METHODS
A descriptive correlational study was conducted. The participants were 858 mothers conveniently selected from a public health center in Seoul. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, correlation and stepwise multiple regression were used for data analysis.
RESULTS
The mothers got a high of 2.08 marks on intention to get additional vaccination. The intention was positively correlated to attitude, perceived benefits, self-efficacy and negatively to perceived barriers, parenting stress. The most significant variables was attitude, perceived benefits, self-efficacy and those three variables explained 42.7% of mother's intention for additional vaccination.
CONCLUSION
The above mentioned findings were identified as significant factors affecting mother's intention for additional vaccination. The findings are expected to make a positive contribution to creating an ideal intervention and to promoting an increased vaccination rate.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develope a tool to assess mothers' behavior related to health promotion if their preschool children had disabillties.
METHOD
The research design was a methodological study. This tool was developed in 4 stages: first, a content matrix as a conceptual framework was developed using Gordon's 11 functional health promotion patterns and 5 categories (Lee, Jung & An, 1996); second, 40 preliminary items were selected through references and interviews with 9 mothers of children with disabilities; third, 2 items were discarded after content validity was done by 3 experts; fourth, reliability and validity were tested with a sample of 243 mothers of children with disabilities who were of preschool age.
RESULTS
The final tool consisted of 19 items and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .82. Five factors were extracted by factor analysis and they explained 55.58% of the total variance.
CONCLUSIONS
This tool was identified to have a high degree of reliability and validity. So it can be utilized to assess mothers' behavior in providing health promotion for their children who have disabilities.

PURPOSE
This study was done to evaluate the effects of distraction using balloon art on pain experienced by preschool children when undergoing an intravenous injection. METHODS: Participants were 40 hospitalized preschool children. Children in the experimental group (20) were distracted by balloon art while undergoing an intravenous injection. Children in the control group (20) received regular care. Pain experienced by the children was measured using self-report, observation tools, heart rate and oxygen saturation. The data were analyzed using the SAS program.
RESULTS
Compared with the control group, children in the experimental group showed significant difference in pain as shown by pulse rate. However, children in the experimental group did not show a decrease in pain in the self-report or behavior observation when compared with children in the control group.
CONCLUSION
Distraction using balloon art can be used to reduce pain for preschool children when undergoing an intravenous injection. Further nursing interventions need to be developed and provided to preschool children when undergoing painful procedures.