Purpose In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of two distraction interventions—DistrACTION Cards and Buzzy—on pain relief in children undergoing intravenous infusions in the emergency department.
Methods A quasi-randomized controlled trial was conducted in children aged 4–6 years receiving intravenous infusions in a single emergency department. Participants were assigned to the DistrACTION Cards group (n=31), Buzzy group (n=30), or control group (n=31). Pain was assessed using the pulse rate, Faces Pain Rating Scale, and Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale.
Results Both distraction interventions significantly reduced observed pain (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scores) compared to that in the control group. The DistrACTION Cards group showed significantly lower pain scores than the control group during the procedure (p<.05) and demonstrated a consistent trend of pain reduction across all phases. Self-reported pain scores (Faces Pain Rating Scale) after the procedure were significantly lower in both intervention groups compared to those in the control group (p <.05); however, no significant differences were found in the extent of change between groups. No significant group differences were observed in pulse rate.
Conclusion Both DistrACTION Cards and Buzzy effectively reduced intravenous infusion-related pain in preschool children. DistrACTION Cards showed greater consistency than Buzzy in pain reduction as measured by the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale, suggesting they may be considered as a preferred option in clinical practice. Further research in diverse clinical settings is needed to confirm these findings.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to review pain alleviation intervention for Korean pediatric inpatients with reference to Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort.
Methods Whittemore and Knafl’s integrative review methods were used. Articles published in Korean or English were identified through electronic search engines and scholarly web sites. Scientific, peer-reviewed articles published between 2006 and 2019 were included in this review. Twenty-seven articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed.
Results Among the 27 selected studies, three were descriptive, while 24 were interventional studies related to pain alleviation interventions. Pain alleviation interventions showed three attributes: identifying pain triggers and the child’s response to pain, effective strategies for pain relief, and nurses’ competence in pain management.
Conclusion The three attributes of pain alleviation interventions using the theory of comfort shown in this study were identified as important factors for obtaining evidence-based data on how to enhance the comfort of hospitalized pediatric patients. In addition, the attributes of pain alleviation interventions should be considered for hospitalized pediatric patients and their family members.
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Purpose This study compared the pain-relieving effects of human milk, sucrose, and distilled water during examinations for retinopathy of prematurity.
Methods Forty-five preterm infants were randomly assigned to receive a pacifier dipped in one of three solutions: human milk (n=14), 24% sucrose (n=15), or distilled water (n=16), 2 minutes before an eye examination. Their pain score, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation were measured at three time points: 5 minutes before the examination, 30 seconds after speculum introduction, and 2 minutes after the examination.
Results The infants’ mean gestational age and weight at birth were 33.1±2.1 weeks and 1,842±470 g, respectively. There were no between-group differences in pain relief during the eye examination. The pain score significantly increased both during (p<.001) and after the examinations (p=.003). Oxygen saturation decreased during the examinations (p<.001); however, the infants in the 24% sucrose group showed higher oxygen saturation (p=.047) during the examinations than the infants in the other groups.
Conclusion Sucking on a pacifier dipped in human milk or 24% sucrose did not reduce the pain associated with eye examinations in preterm infants. Pacifiers dipped in sucrose can be used to maintain better oxygen saturation during these examinations.
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Effects of fentanyl and sucrose on pain in retinopathy examinations with pain scale, near-infrared spectroscopy, and ultrasonography: a randomized trial Nursu Kara, Didem Arman, Zeynep Seymen, Adem Gül, Serdar Cömert World Journal of Pediatrics.2023; 19(9): 873. CrossRef
Non-pharmacological pain relief interventions in preterm neonates undergoing screening for retinopathy of prematurity: a systematic review Iretiola Bamikeolu Fajolu, Iyabode Olabisi Florence Dedeke, Beatrice Nkolika Ezenwa, Veronica Chinyere Ezeaka BMJ Open Ophthalmology.2023; 8(1): e001271. CrossRef
Effect of non-nutritive sucking on pain during the examination of retinopathy of prematurity Tuba Koç Özkan, Elif Didem Yüksel, Selahattin Akar Journal of Neonatal Nursing.2022; 28(3): 155. CrossRef
Effect of Prone Position, Pacifier and Smelling Breast Milk on Pain and Stress Parameters Among Term Neonates Undergoing Venipuncture: A Randomized Controlled Trail Fuat Özdemir, Derya Evgin, Nalan Gördeles Beşer The Journal of Pediatric Research.2022; 9(2): 146. CrossRef
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Purpose This study compared the pain and skin reactions of neonates according to the method of removing the adhesive eyepatch used for phototherapy.
Methods The subjects included 20 neonates admitted at C University Hospital. In group 1 (n=10), DuoDERM dressing was attached under the adhesive eyepatch, which was removed with water, while in group 2 (n=10), the eyepatch was attached on the skin and removed with oil. Heart rate, oxygen saturation, the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), crying time were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance.
Results No interaction was found between group and timing for heart rate and oxygen saturation. In group 1, the NIPS score was higher and the crying time was longer than in group 2. No difference was observed in the erythema score between the groups.
Conclusion Removing the adhesive eyepatch using oil can be used as a nursing intervention to reduce pain and improve comfort in neonates.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate NICU nurses’ nursing interventions for pain and factors affecting nursing interventions for pain.
Methods Participants were 120 NICU nurses from 5 university hospitals located in Daejeon Metropolitan City and Chungcheong Province. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and Duncan test, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis with SPSS Windows 23.0 IBM program.
Results The factors affecting nursing interventions for pain included knowledge about non-pharmacological nursing interventions for pain and self-efficacy about nursing interventions for pain. These variables explained 28.3% of nursing interventions for pain.
Conclusion The results of this study suggest that it is necessary to develop education programs in which effective nursing interventions for neonatal pain are considered. The programs should be made available to NICU nurses.
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Effects of nurse’s knowledge and self-efficacy on nursing performance in pediatric intravenous fluid management in South Korea: a descriptive study Se-Won Kim, Mi-Young Choi Child Health Nursing Research.2024; 30(4): 288. CrossRef
Influence of Pain Management Knowledge, Pain Management Self-Efficacy, and Empathic Capacity on Pain Management Performance of Nurses in Orthopedic Units Ji-Eon Han, Jeonghyun Cho STRESS.2022; 30(2): 109. CrossRef
Purpose The purposes of this study were to explore knowledge, barriers, and self-efficacy in relation to pain management practice, and to identify factors influencing pain management practice in pediatric nurses.
Methods A descriptive correlational study was conducted. The participants were 237 pediatric nurses from a metropolitan city. Data were analyzed using t-test or analysis of variance and Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses.
Results The mean percentage of correct answers on the children’s pain management knowledge scale was 58.8%. Child and parent related factors were the main barriers for pain management. Self-efficacy to assess children’s pain across developmental stages was particularly low. Pain management practices for assessing pain and non-pharmacological interventions were relatively low. Factors significantly affecting children’s pain management practice were current conditions of work department and self-efficacy in pain management, and these factors accounted for 37.5% of the variance in pain management practice.
Conclusion The results suggest that an integrative education program needs to be developed to improve self-efficacy in children’s pain management practice. Moreover, good communication, building cooperative relationships with children and parents, and a more active role by pediatric nurses are required to carry out more effective pain management.
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Implementation and Evaluation of a Pediatric Pain Assessment Educational Program (PPAEP) for Nurses in a Resource‐Limited Setting: A Pilot Study Abigail Kusi Amponsah, Charles Kumi Hammond, Victoria Bam, Douglas Gyamfi, Jerry Armah, Dorothy Wilson, Faithful Annobil, Daniel Ba‐Eebu Badengo, Charlotte Boachie Danquah, Joana Kyei Dompim, Anna Axelin, Faith Nawagi, Snighda Mukherjee Paediatric and Neonatal Pain.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The prediction of nursing students’ knowledge and self-efficacy in pediatric pain management Bahise Aydın, İlknur Bektaş, Murat Bektaş BMC Nursing.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Development and evaluation of a web-based acute pain management education program for Korean registered nurses: A randomized controlled trial Jebog Yoo, Jennie C. De Gagne, Hye Jin Kim, Juyeon Oh Nurse Education in Practice.2019; 38: 7. CrossRef
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify effects of Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics (EMLA) cream application on pain perception and pain response during insertion of implanted venous access port needle in children with cancer.
Methods From December 2010 to August 2011, at U university hospital, 20 patients that scheduled for implanted venous access port needle insertion were recruited, and randomly assigned to receive either EMLA or placebo cream 1 hour before the implanted venous access port needle insertion. While conducting needle insertion, changes in pulse and oxygen saturation on the pulse oxymeter were measured and pain behavior reaction was also measured during needle insertion in the treatment room. After conducting needle insertion, self-reported pain reaction, and mothers’ perception of the children’s pain reaction were measured. Collected data were statistically processed using SPSS version 17.0 for Windows, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test.
Results Children’s self-reported degree of pain, degree of pain as perceived by mothers and pain behavior reaction decreased significantly in the EMLA application group compared with the placebo group.
Conclusion Findings indicate that application of EMLA cream is effective in relieving pain in these children during implanted venous access port needle insertion.
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Comparing the effectiveness of three pain relief methods for inserting a needle into the implanted venous access chemoport: A randomized controlled trial Jinhee Shin, Gwang Suk Kim, Hyebeen Sim International Journal of Nursing Practice.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of schoolbags and the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among elementary school children and to identify factors associated with relative schoolbag weight and musculoskeletal symptoms.
Methods A descriptive correlation study was conducted with 228 elementary school children in grades 4-6. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, χ2-test or Fisher’s exact test, logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis.
Results Mean relative schoolbag weight (RSW) was 6.40%. Among participants, 13.2% carried more than 10% of their RSW. Only 49.6% of participants organized the contents in their school backpack correctly. Musculoskeletal symptoms were reported by 42.5% of participants. Results from logistic regression analysis identified grade was a significant factor predicting RSW, and gender, RSW, and using a locker were significant factors predicting musculoskeletal symptoms among schoolchildren.
Conclusion Although RSW of school children in this study was within the currently recommended load limit, a considerable proportion of school children were not following guidelines for safe schoolbag use. An effective schoolbag safety campaign for parents, students, and teachers needs to be developed and evaluated to prevent possible musculoskeletal symptoms related to schoolbag use.
PURPOSE Newborns routinely experience pain associated with invasive procedures such as blood sampling, venipuncture, heelstick, or venous cannulation. This study was done to provide data for a nursing intervention to alleviate newborn pain clinically by investigating the effect of local anesthetic cream during venipuncture. METHODS Participants were 70 newborns hospitalized in the nursery. Informed Consent was obtained from parents of the newborns. Venipuncture for regular blood sampling was carried out for a test on 2 groups; the experimental, placebo group. The neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS), and duration of crying were measured to assess pain reaction.
All neonatal behaviors were recorded on videotape. RESULTS There were significant differences in pain behavior during venipuncture (t=-4.752, p<.001), immediately after sampling (t=-5.591, p<.001), 3 minutes after puncture (t=-2.469, p=.017), and in duration of crying (t=-3.005, p=.004). CONCLUSION Results show that local administration of EMLA cream before venipuncture causes a reduction in neonatal pain response, indicating that the EMLA cream has the effect of pain relief.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing neonatal pain management by nurses in order to provide evidence-based data for the development of more efficient neonatal pain care programs. METHODS This study used a descriptive research design to survey 204 registered nurses working in neonatal intensive care units and nurseries in Busan. Data collection was done from July to September 2010. General knowledge of pain and pain scale, pain intervention, neonatal pain management, and barriers to pain management were measured. Data were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression with SPSS 17.0. RESULTS It was found that among the factors affecting neonatal pain management by nurses, the unit where the nurse worked was the most important influential factor, followed by knowledge of pain management, education level, and barriers from medical personnel in that order. The explanatory power of these four variables accounted for 42.0% of neonatal pain management. CONCLUSION Study results indicate that it is necessary to develop education programs to increase knowledge of neonatal pain management for nurses caring for neonates. Also, plans for reduction of obstacle factors in medical personnel should be prepared.
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Factors Affecting Nursing Interventions for Pain among Nurses in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Eun-Hee Kim, Mi-Young Choi Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(2): 179. CrossRef
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PURPOSE To explore premature infants' pain response to routine procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). METHODS The participants were 56 preterm infants who showed 149 pain responses to 8 high frequency routine procedures which were evaluated using the Premature Infant Pain Scale (PIPS). Videotaped recording was used for data collection.
Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis, paired t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS PIPS scores for each procedure were as follows; for removal of central catheter dressing, 6.17 (2.04), venous sampling, 6.12 (2.87), intramuscular injection, 6.05 (2.38), insertion of a peripheral line, 5.38 (2.16), insertion of feeding tube, 4.40 (1.34), heel stick, 4.33 (1.23), insertion of central line, 4.00 (2.12), and endotracheal suctioning, 2.90 (1.25). PIPS score was negatively correlated with gestational age (r=-.218, p=.007) and birth weight (r=-.249, p=.002) among general characteristics of the infants. CONCLUSION The majority of 8 routine procedures were found to be painful for premature infants in the NICU. Therefore, adequate pain management related to procedures should be provided to premature infant in the NICU.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to provide a critical assessment of evidence-based Korean pediatric research that can inform clinical practicability of, and future research on distraction interventions for pediatric procedural pain management. METHODS A critical review of evidence-based Korean pediatric research was conducted. Databases were searched to identify research that included an evaluation of a distraction intervention as an intervention for pediatric procedural pain management. The search yielded 68 studies. RESULTS From these studies, 14 were included for this review and all were recently published (2003-2014). Quasi experimental designs were most frequently used (n=12) and for 71.4% the focus was preschoolers. Audiovisual techniques were the most common form of distraction. In most studies clinical utility of the distraction intervention was not examined. Fairly consistent reductions in behavioral measures of pain in association with the distraction intervention were found but less consistent results were found for physiological measures. CONCLUSION Lack of methodological rigor limits the evidence for distraction interventions to reduce pain and fear experienced by children during painful procedures. Further research to analyze the cost and time-effectiveness and to identify consumer and provider satisfaction with distraction interventions is needed to determine whether distraction interventions are clinically relevant.
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PURPOSE This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of EMLA cream on pain related to venipuncture among children. METHODS In this study, 48 children were evaluated using a sequential measurement for level of pain by Skin Conductance Level (SCL) based on Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), heart rate, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at four times. RESULTS The maximum and mean of the SCL were each significantly different between the experimental and control groups and furthermore, the two were also significantly different among observed times. In addition there was a significant interaction between group and time. The children's perceived pain using VAS was not significantly different between the experimental and control groups. There was no significant difference in the heart rate between the experimental and control groups; however, the interaction between group and time was significant. CONCLUSION In conclusion, applying topical anesthetic cream to the venipuncture site to reduce pain was effective among the children and therefore it is highly recommended that topical anesthetic cream be applied at the venipuncture site as a nursing intervention to reduce pain when a child has to undergo a venipuncture.
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PURPOSE This study was done to verify the effect of roller acupuncture stimulation on baesu spots of joktaeyang bangkwang kyeong in the reaction to physiologic pain(heart rate, percutaneous oxygen saturation, respiration rate) in neonates. METHOD This study was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The participants were 40 normal neonates who were born at a hospital in Busan. These neonates were undergoing heel puncture for blood type tests.
The neonates were divided into 2 groups: 20 in the experimental group who were stimulated with roller acupuncture before the heel puncture and 20 neonates in the control group who were not stimulated. The heart rate and percutaneous oxygen saturation were measured using a cardiopulmonary monitor and the respiration rate was measured directly. The data were analyzed with SPSS 10.0 program using chi2-test, t-test and Repeated Measure ANOVA. RESULTS There was a significant difference (F=3.287, p=.043) for heart rate on the interaction between time and group. There was a significant difference (F=5.122, p=.008) for percutaneous oxygen saturation on the interaction between time and group. CONCLUSION On the basis of results, it was verified that the roller acupuncture stimulation on baesu spots of joktaeyang bangkwang kyeong had effect of relieving pain in the neonates.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on pain of distraction with an operating doll in preschool children(3-6 years old) during an IV catheter insertion. METHOD The research design was a nonequivalent control group posttest design, and the participants were 22 children in the experimental group, and 23 children in the control group. The children were hospitalized for enteritis and pharyngitis in a university hospital. The subjective pain was measured using FACES Pain Rating Scale by self report, and the pain behavior responses were scored using Procedure Behavior Check List by observing a film of the entire procedure, and changes in pulse and oxygen saturation as the physiological pain responses were measured by pulse oximeter. Data were analyzed with the SPSS Win 10.0 program. RESULT The degree of subjective pain, pain behavior responses, and changes in pulse during IV catheter insertion were significantly lower in the experimental group. But there was no significant difference in O2 saturation between the two groups. CONCLUSION Distraction using an operating doll was effective in decreasing pain during inserting the IV catheter in preschool children.
PURPOSE This study is to assess and compare the analgegic effects of 25% sucrose coating pacifier and pacifier. METHOD The participants are 75 healthy infants of neonatal age 1-7 days and randomized to receive heel prick before 2 minutes to blood sampling and physiological test in Nursery of A Medical Center from 24, January to 28, February, 2003.
The experimental group assigned to one of three treatment groups: no treatment, a pacifier, 25% sucrose coating pacifier. Collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 11.0 program using Chi square-test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe, repeated mesured ANOVA. RESULTS: The pain score of 25% sucrose coating pacifier is lower than no treatment group and pacifier group. In heart rate, there were statistical significant differences between three groups. In repiratory rate, there were no statistical significant differences between three groups. In SaO2, there were statistical significant difference between three groups. CONCLUSION: The 25% sucrose coating pacifier showed pain relief effect in behavior responses and heart rate and SaO2. Accordingly, the sucrose coating pacifier should be applied nursing intervention for simple pain management as heel prick.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the nurses' knowledge and attitude to pain management in children and explore the status of pain management in clinical practice. METHOD The subjects were 131 nurses enrolled in 3 university affiliated hospitals. Questionnaire method was utilized for data collection. Data was analyzed by SPSS statistical program. RESULT The result was as follows: 1. The overall mean score of the pain knowledge was 16.88 (58.2%). The percentages of correct response in test subsections were pain assessment 45.5, choice of medication and drug action 48.7, and pain statement 79.6 respectively. 2. 70.3% of the nurses agreed or strongly agreed that the procedural pain should always be eliminated. And, 44.3% of the nurses agreed or strongly agreed that post-operative treatment of pain in children should always aim at eliminating the pain completely. 3.
There was a significant relationship between pain attitude and knowledge related facts about pain(r=.217, p < .01).
4. When asked to identify the point of self-reported pain on a 0-10 scale at which the nurse would give medication, point 7 was mostly identified (29%).
5. Only 19.8% of the nurses utilized pain rating scale to assess children's pain. 6. The nonpharmacologic interventions nurses used most were position change, emotional support, and massage. 7. 68.7% of the nurses indicated that they learned about pain management from their current working environment. Also, Mostly helpful resource identified in increasing their pain management knowledge and skills was the continuing education program. CONCLUSION The findings showed that there was a need to develop educational program for adequate pain management for children. Further research study is recommended to examine the effectiveness of the intervention methods for children's pain.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate correlations in vital sign changes, the severity of pain, signs of complications, and the duration of sandbag management in order to suggest a standardized practice related to sandbag management in children with Nephrotic Syndrome(NS). METHOD From October 2000 to May 2001, seventy children with NS who underwent kidney biopsy were interviewed at one hospital in Seoul Korea, and participated in this study. RESULT 1) The average sandbag applying time after kidney biopsy was 18.1 hours. 2) Systolic blood pressure and respiration increased until 15 minutes after kidney biopsy, after then, they decreased significantly (systolic BP, p= .006; respiration, p= .029). However, no significant changes were noted in diastolic blood pressure and pulse. 3) Pain was reported minimal for 1 hour after kidney biopsy. The severity of pain increased until 12 hours after the procedure, then, decreased significantly(p= .0001). 4) Reported complications were hematuria (74.7%) and abnormal sonogram (32.9%). No apparent bleeding on the biopsy region was reported in any children. CONCLUSION From these findings, it is possible to change the protocols of the duration of absolute bed rest time and sandbag application management shortly after kidney biopsy.
But it is needed to study the fit protocols for kidney biopsy. Several implications in nursing practice are suggested. 1) Replicated studies for more participants are needed. 2) Further research on the effect of sandbag application after kidney biopsy is required. 3) The best duration of sandbag application management after kidney biopsy need to be investigated.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of informational intervention on postoperative pain following tonsillectomy in children. This study was performed on 30 children, aged 5-15 years, undergoing tonsillectomy and their parents by providing informational intervention with colored figure; operation procedure and information. Pain assessment was done by Pain Questionnaire. The results from this study were as follows : 1. Children in experimental group with mean 16.07 had lower pain scores than control group with mean 14.87 at 4th hours after operation(p < 0.05). It showed "significant difference" and first hypothesis was adopted. 2. Children in experimental group with mean 20.60 had lower pain scores than control group with mean 17.27 at 8th hours after operation(p < 0.05). It showed "significant difference" and second hypothesis was adopted. 3. Children in experimental group with mean 28.80 had lower pain scores than control group with mean 25.70 at 24th hours after operation(p < 0.05). It showed "significant difference" and third hypothesis was adopted. 4. When we analyzed the time difference and difference between two groups simultaneously by repeated measure ANOVA, the significant difference was not found. And so "the experiential group with operation-related information will show the lower pain sense than the control group just as the time flows after operation", fourth hypothesis was rejected.
Generally, it was found that providing information about operation to children and their parents reduced effectively postoperative pain in children, but in clinical settings there are minimum preoperative information-providing because of insufficient time and inconvenience although nursing staffs and patients know its needs. Conclusionally providing preoperative information should help children and their parents cope with Pre, Peri and Post operative events effectively.
This study aimed at compare analyzing the trend of research in Korea and Other Country on Pain in Children, suggesting direction future pain research, and contributing to the use of pain intervention in nursing practice. Research studies on pain in children were selected from Korean Nures' Academic Society Journal, Korean Pediatric Nursing Academic Society Journal, dissertations, and contected using the MEDLINE between 1980 to April, 2002. The number of the 16 studies in Korea with 36 studies in other country. So, The number of the total studies were 52. There studies were analyzed for 1) the present condition of research studies 2) Research subject 3) Types of condition (Situation) in pain 4) Measurement Tools 5) Types of nursing interventions and 6) Research design. The findings of the analysis can be summerized as follows : 1) The number of the studies insufficient in Korea(16 studies) compare to other country (36 studies). 2) Research subjects were mostly patients and preschool, schoolage children(12 studies, 26 studies). 3) Types of condition(situation) in pain were First, related to injection(IM, IV, Blood Sampling)(6 studies, 14 studies) second, related to operation (4 studies, 11 studies) third, related to heelstick in neonates (3 studies, 6 studies). 4) As measurement tools for pain were mostly FPRS(facial pain rating scale) used to studies (9 studies, 11 studies), and more than two tools used. Mostly used to heart rate at studies. 5) Types of nursing intervention, Teaching and information were most popular intervention for pain in Korea(4 studies), and distraction was most popular intervention for pain in the other country(14 studies). 6) Research design, The experimental research were most popular studies in Korea and the other country. The following suggestions made based on the above findings : Need to researches about pain of children's chronic disease.
Recurrent abdominal pain(RAP) occurs in 8-10% of elementary school children. It is suspected that functional causes are about 90% and organic causes about 10% for the recurrent abdominal pain. RAP is treated by antispasmodics or analgesics or antidiarrheal drugs in school health rooms.
The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture on recurrent abdominal pain of children. The duration of this study was from April to July, 2001. The subjects were the grade 4th-6th elementary students complaining recurrent abdominal pain. Total subjects were 46 cases; 23 cases of which were placed in experimental and the others in control group. The results of this study were as follows; 1.Numeric-pain-intensity of experimental group received Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture was decreased more than that of control group received mock Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture significantly. 2.Probed current in stomach corresponding point (A12) of experimental received Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture was decreased more than that of control group received mock Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture significantly. 3.Medication requirement rate of experimental group received Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture was decreased more than that of control group received mock Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture significantly. The following suggestions with the results of the study would be made like these; 1.Stimulation implement of Koryo-Hand- Acupuncture should be used independently and each effect should be investigated. 2. With repeated studies for various signs and diseases, the effect of Koryo-Hand- Acupuncture must be verified.
The ability of neonates to perceive and react to pain, has been acknowledged recently. Recent researches have been shown that even short term pain can have lasting negative effects. We know that most of the anatomical pathway and neurotransmitter function necessary for pain perception are fully or nearly fully developed in the neonatal period. Many people are still reluctant to believe that pain felt by neonates may be as severe as that felt by older children or adults yet.
The objective of the study is to assess and compare the analgesic effects of orally administered sucrose and pacifiers. And to determine the synergistic analgesic effects of sucrose and pacifiers. The tools for this study is Lawrence's NIPS (neonatal infant pain scale) with behavioural pain responses and index for pain physiological reponses as heart rate, respiratory rate and degree of SaO2.
The participants are 96 healthy infants of neonatal age 1-7days and randomised to receive heel prick before 2minutes to blood sampling and physiological test in Nursery of K Medical University Hospital on May-July, 2000. The experimental group assigned to one of three treatment groups : no treatment; a pacifier; placebo(2ml 25% sucrose).
Collected data were analyzed with the SAS program using X2-test, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test as post hoc.
The results were as follows. 1) Pain behaviour responses: The pain score of placebo group(2ml 25% sucrose) is lower than no treatment group and pacifier group significantly(P=.000). Placebo group is different from no treatment and pacifier group with Duncan's multiple range test.
2) Pain physiologic responses (1) heart rate: The heart rate of placebo group(2ml 25% sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group significantly(P=.000).
The heart rate change of placebo group is less than the other groups. (2) respiratory rate: The respiratory rate of placebo group(2ml 25% sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group insignificantly (P=.2340). But, the respiratory rate of placebo group is lower than the other groups. (3) SaO2: The SaO2 score of placebo group(2ml 25% sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group insignificantly (P=.3265). But, the change of SaO2 score of placebo group is less than the other groups. In conclusion, the sucrose placebo showed pain relief effect in behavior responses and less physiological responses. Accordingly, the sucrose placebo should be applied nursing intervention for simple pain management as heel prick.
This study was done to understand nonpharmacologic pain management for pediateric patients and nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward it. The aim of this study was that which method did the patient's use according to the nurses' age, and how did they effectively use these methods in their field. The subjects of this study were 77 nurses working in the Pediatric unit in the Kyung Medical Center from September 2 to 15, 1999 using questionnaire form. The results of this study were as follows : 1. We divided the subjects into four groups : Younger than one year old, 1-6 years, 6-12 years, 12-18 years group. In the group younger one year old, most of the nurses participating in this study used speaking in soft quiet tones, supportive touch, toys, pacifiers. In the group of 1-6 years, they used speaking in soft quiet tones, toys, distracting attention, story talking, and visual stimulus. In the group of 6-12 years.
they used pop-up books, providing information, cold therapy, speaking in soft quiet tones, supportive touch. In the group of 12-19 years, most of them used providing information, controling respiration and supportive touch.
2. The effective nursing intervention used in their field are speaking in soft quiet tones, pacifiers and nesting with blanket in the group of younger than one year old. Un the group of 1-6 years old, speaking in soft quiet tones, toys, and supportive touch were effective method in the control of nonpharmacologic pain management. In the group of 6-12 years old, story talking, supportive touch, and speaking in soft quiet tones were effective method and in the group of 12-18 years old, providing information, cold therapy and supportive touch were effectively used to control nonpharmacologic pain management. 3. To compare the general characteristics and non-pharmacologic pain nursing intervention, in the group of younger than one year, touching stimuli is widely used. In the groups of 1-6, and 6-12 years old, visual and audio method were widely used. In the group of 12-18 years old, sensitive intervention were used as well as education, information and guided imagery.
In conclusion, there was no significant difference in nurses' demographic characteristics, child's age and nonpharmacologic pain management. There was significant difference only in the nurses working area, that is nurses working in the surgical department used more audio-visual-tactile pain management methods than medical department.
This study was performed to understand pediatric pain management status and nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward it. In addition, it aimed to provide basic data in order to establish effective nursing intervention strategies by confirming the barriers of effective pain management in practice. The subjects were 195 nurses working in pediatric units(general pediatric unit, oncology unit, neonatal unit, neonatal ICU, pediatric ICU) of 8 university hospitals and one general hospital. Data was collected by the questionnaire from the 3rd of August to the 20th of September in 1999. The instrument developed by Sanna(1999) to measure nurses' knowledge and their attitudes and the other tool by Cleeland(1984) to evaluate barriers in effective pain management was used. Results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Most nurses learn about the pain management knowledges from through regular curriculum of nursing school(62.0%). And almost nurses(90.8%) don't used to utilize pain assessment tool, but the "Faces Rating Scale" is the most frequently used by nurses. 2. The use of pain medication(65.6%) is most frequently taken by nurses as pain management and is followed by massage (55.9%), distraction(27.7%). 3. Nurses' knowledge level is moderate (Mn=3.07). Nurses don't seem to understand pediatric physical development (Mn= 2.86), psychological development(Mn=2.94) well, meanwhile they seem relatively quite knowledgeable about the way pain emerges. 4. Nurses' attitudes toward pain is based on behavioral and physiological responses to pain. They believe 'changes in behavior are a way of assessing pain in child' and 'acute pain increases the number of respiration'. Nurses are ready to accept pediatric pain, but are not positive in adopting pain intervention in practice. 5. The barriers of effective pain management are inadequate assessment of pain and pain relief(81.5%), ineffective incorporation among health professionals(80%), and lack of equipment or skills(80.0%).
PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to investigate extent of backpack use and incidence of musculoskeletal pain, and to identify the relationship between backpack use and musculoskeletal pain. METHOD A descriptive correlational study was conducted in one elementary school and one middle school in D city.
Participants were 273 children, aged 12-14, who completed a self-administered questionnaire. Body weight, height, and backpack weight of participants were measured. RESULTS Mean backpack weight was 3.78 Kg and relative backpack weight (RBW) was 7.42%. Of backpack users, 23.8% carried more than 10% of their RBW and 9.2% carried more than 15%. Only 44.3% organized the contents in their backpack correctly. For more than three fourth of the students (76.2%), the bottom of backpack in the standing position drooped more than 10 cm below the waistline, and 46.3% complained of musculoskeletal pain. Use of a waist belt was significantly related to musculoskeletal pain. CONCLUSIONS A considerable proportion of school children were not following guidelines for safe backpack use.
Although the relationship between backpack use and musculoskeletal pain in this study was not significant, the fact that 46.3% of the students experienced musculoskeletal pain is very meaningful information. Further research is required to identify the risk factors of musculoskeletal pain among children.
PURPOSE To examine the effects on skin injury, pain, and anxiety when nurses and children simultaneous wash their hands before IV injections. METHOD A nonequivalent control group, non-synchronized design study was used with 61 children. For a month and a half, children in the experimental group(30) following hand-washing guidelines, washed their hands with nurses before IV insertion. Anxiety and pain were observed and recorded during IV insertion using the Anxiety Reaction Scale and FACES pain scale. After 48-72 hours on IV therapy with an arm-board, skin condition was checked by a research assistant according to guidelines for assessing skin injury developed by the researcher. t-test, chi-square-test, Pearson correlation, and Kendall's tau b were used to analyze data with the SPSS program. RESULTS Children who washed their hands with the nurse before IV insertion showed less pain (p =.021) and skin injury (p <.001) compared to the control group. CONCLUSION This finding suggests that simultaneous hand washing by nurse and child before IV injection has a strong effect on skin injury caused by arm-boards used to maintain IV therapy as well as on pain during IV insertion. This program demonstrates an effective intervention to prevent skin injuries in children on IV therapy.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of distraction with a cell phone on pain and fear during venipuncture procedures in hospitalized preschool children. METHOD Fifty four preschool children, ages 3-6, were recruited from one university affiliated hospital in Daegu.
Participants were assigned to the control group (n= 27) to receive usual care or the intervention group (n=27) to receive distraction plus usual care. The FACE scale was used to assess children's pain, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) to assess each mothers' perceptions of her child's pain. For assessment of fear, the Procedure Behavioral Checklist developed by Lebaron and Zeltzer was used. RESULTS Results show that children in the intervention group demonstrated significantly lower pain scores on FACE (t=2.19, p<.03) as rated by the children and on VAS (t=2.78, p<.01) as rated by their mothers. Children in the intervention group also had significantly lower fear scores (t=2.30, p<.02) as rated by the researcher. CONCLUSION Distraction with cell phone for relieving pain and fear during venipuncture procedure was effective for these hospitalized preschool children.
PURPOSE This study was done to evaluate the effects of distraction using balloon art on pain experienced by preschool children when undergoing an intravenous injection.
METHODS: Participants were 40 hospitalized preschool children. Children in the experimental group (20) were distracted by balloon art while undergoing an intravenous injection. Children in the control group (20) received regular care. Pain experienced by the children was measured using self-report, observation tools, heart rate and oxygen saturation. The data were analyzed using the SAS program. RESULTS Compared with the control group, children in the experimental group showed significant difference in pain as shown by pulse rate. However, children in the experimental group did not show a decrease in pain in the self-report or behavior observation when compared with children in the control group. CONCLUSION Distraction using balloon art can be used to reduce pain for preschool children when undergoing an intravenous injection. Further nursing interventions need to be developed and provided to preschool children when undergoing painful procedures.
PURPOSE S: Venipuncture is one of the most painful and frequently performed invasive procedures for children done by nurses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of EMLA cream (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics: 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine) to decrease venipuncture related pain and anxiety in children. METHODS A randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted. Sixty children scheduled for venipuncture were recruited, and randomly assigned to receive either EMLA or a placebo cream 1 hour before the venipuncture. Venipuncture was carried out by one of the nurse investigators. Pain and anxiety were measured by the parent, nurse investigator, and nurse observer. RESULTS Pain in the EMLA group was significantly lower than that of the placebo group. However, there was no significant difference in anxiety score between the EMLA and placebo groups. Local side effects of EMLA cream were negligible. CONCLUSIONS EMLA cream was found to be an effective local anesthetic for pediatric venipuncture pain. Further studies should continue to evaluate the facilitators and barriers of EMLA cream application in pediatric nursing practice.
PURPOSE This study was done to identify the effects of distraction generated by character on the reduction of intravenous injection pain. METHOD This study was conducted using a quasi experimental non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. Sixty preschool children who were admitted to the pediatric department in a C university hospital were selected and were assigned. by convenience assignment to the experimental or control group. The two groups were homogeneous for demographic characteristics. RESULTS In the experimental group, objective pain(t=3.666, p=.001), subjective pain (t=3.415, p=.001) and perceived pain by the mother(t=2.528, p=0.014) decreased after the intravenous injections as compared to the control group.
There were no statistical significant differences in pulse rate or fear between the experimental and the control group.
CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that using character stamp and stickers could be considered as an independent nursing intervention for reduction of intravenous injection pain in preschooler.
, Euna Park
, Shin-Jeong Kim
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