Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate internet addiction among middle school students and to examine the mediating effects of social support in the relationships of self-efficacy and self-control with internet addiction.
Methods The participants in the study were 119 middle school students in J city. The measurements included a self-efficacy scale, a self-control scale, a social support scale, and the Internet Addiction Scale for Youth. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, one-way analysis of variance, the Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple-regression using SPSS version 22.0. Mediation effects were analyzed by the Sobel test and Baron and Kenny's hierarchical analysis technique.
Results Significant correlations were found among self-efficacy, self-control, and internet addiction. Social support had partial mediating effects in the relationship between self-efficacy and internet addiction, as well as in the relationship between self-control and internet addition.
Conclusion In order to prevent internet addiction, the promotion of interactions among peers, which is a component of social support, is particularly important. It is also necessary to promote face-to-face activities that can strengthen relationships. The findings suggest that intensifying social support may help reduce the level of internet addiction in middle school students.
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Purpose This study was conducted to identify correlations between how much fever management information mothers obtained from the internet and their actual knowledge and practices of fever management.
Methods This was a descriptive survey of 172 mothers with children aged between 0 and 3 attending five daycare centers located in the city of Daegu. Descriptive statistics, the independent t-test or one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used for data analysis.
Results In total, 75% of the mothers had searched the internet for information on fever management. The overwhelming majority (92.2%) used information from the internet to help manage fever in their children. Positive correlations were found between acquiring fever management information from the internet and fever management practices (r=.18, p=.038), and between mother’s knowledge and practices of fever management (r=.27, p<.001).
Conclusion Based on the results of this study, to improve fever management practices, it is necessary to increase mothers’ knowledge. Therefore, resources should be developed to augment mothers’ knowledge of fever management through the internet.
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Purpose This study was to evaluate the quality of online health information related to infants and preschoolers accessible through mobile applications and websites.
Methods Using combinations of the terms ‘infant’, ‘preschooler’, and ‘health’ as the main keyword or categories, the researchers searched relevant mobile applications and websites in Korean application markets and popular search engines. Twelve mobile application and 14 websites were finally selected according to our inclusion criteria and evaluated using DISCERN instrument.
Results The overall quality score of online health information available through mobile applications was 2.00 of 5 points, the reliability score was 2.15, and the quality score was 1.76. The overall quality score of online health information available through websites was 2.29, the reliability score was 2.40, and the quality score was 1.82.
Conclusion The quality of online health information related to young children was found to be low and to have potentially significant drawbacks according to DISCERN criteria. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a system to evaluate and regulate the quality of online health information. Additionally, factors that readers can use to judge the quality of health information, such as references and the benefit versus risks of the information, should be provided.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of parental media use, parents’ educational needs regarding media use, and parents’ media guidance for children on the children’s media use.
Methods The participants were 161 parents of elementary school children in the 1st and 4th grades. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires, and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 19.0 IBM program.
Results The average times for watching television and using the internet in the children were 11.44 hours and 5.89 hours per week, respectively. Children’s time watching television was influenced by parents’ time watching television, children’s gender (girl), and parents’ educational needs. Children’s television dependency was influenced by parents’ educational needs, parents’ time watching television, and parents’ age (under 36 years). Time using the internet and internet dependency in the children were influenced by parents’ educational needs, family monthly income (under 3 million won), and parents’ guidance for children on watching television.
Conclusion The findings indicate that elementary school children’s media use is influenced by parental media use, parents’ educational needs, and parents’ media guidance for children. Therefore parental factors should be considered in developing approaches to provide education programs to prevent media overuse in children.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the parent related factors that influence internet game addiction among elementary school students. METHOD Data was collected through self-administered questionnaires and descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, correlation and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze the data. Data survey was conducted with 739 conveniently selected students who were in grades 4, 5, and 6 of elementary schools in Seoul or Gyung-gi province. RESULTS The addiction groups were classified as general user group (84.3%), potential risk group (10.0%) and high risk group (5.7%). There were significant internet game addiction differences by gender, grade, expense of internet cafe, religion, school record, place where child played, economic status, and duration and frequency of game play.
The addiction was negatively correlated to parents' attachment, supervision, attitude to child nurturing, and expectations regarding school study. The most significant variables were both parents' attitude to child nurturing, and mother's supervision. These three variables explained 20.7% of internet game addiction in elementary school students. CONCLUSION The study findings identified significant factors affecting internet game addiction in elementary school students. These findings are expected to make a contribution to the creation of ideal interventions at school, home, and counselling centers to prevent internet game addiction.
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PURPOSE This study was done to develop a prevention program for media addiction in elementary school students, and to examine its effects on television addiction, internet addiction, cellular phone addiction, and impulsiveness. METHODS The study was designed using a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants were 58 elementary school students (29 in the experimental group and 29 in the control group). Students in the experimental group were given the prevention program for media addiction.
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PURPOSE This study was conducted to analyze web sites that provide child-care information and to provide a proper model for child-care web sites. METHOD The evaluation tool with 23 items including purpose, contents, timeliness and reliability, interaction, and function was developed and modified. Quantitative analyses of 48 web sites, which were selected using popular search engines, were done. Result: 1) The aim of the web site was clearly shown for 24 sites (63.2%) and 17 sites (44.7%) provided the information for judging whether the informant was an expert. 2) Most web sites provided information on feeding, nutrition, and common health problems, and 11 sites provided information on care of problem behavior, but only 6 sites provided information on mother-infant interaction. 3) Timely information was provided on 21 sites, however none of the sites provided information sources. 4) Methods for contact the authors were found for 31 sites (81.6%) and 19 sites (50%) had active bulletin boards to receive opinions from users. 5) There were 32 sites where information could be found by clicking less than 3 times. CONCLUSION We suggest that the evaluation criteria for child-care web sites used in this study is a tool that can be used to evaluate web sites with consistency, but there is a need for further study to develop standardization of the evaluating tool.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of internet addiction and factors affecting internet addiction in elementary school students. METHOD The participants in this study were 1,328 students in 4, 5 or 6 grades of elementary school. They were recruited from two elementary schools. Data collection was conducted using of 6 questionnaires that were modified by the investigator. The data were analyzed with the SPSS win 10.0 program using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS 1) The mean of total item score for internet addiction was 2.1, which was slightly low. Of respondents in this research 48.4% normally use the internet, while 48.5% addictively use the internet and as high as 3.1% were serious internet-addicted. 2) There was a significant correlation between internet addiction, self-esteem, aggression, impulsivity, parent's support and friend's support(gamma= -.15 ~ .44). 3) Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that amount of time spent on the internet per day, impulsivity, aggression, gender, self-esteem, duration to use of internet, father's age, and the major place where the internet was used were the predictors of internet addiction and accounted for 47% of the variance in internet addiction. CONCLUSION Time spend on the internet per day, impulsivity, aggression, gender, self-esteem, duration to use of internet, father's age, the major place where the internet was used accounted for internet addiction in elementary school students. Therefore it is necessary to develop nursing interventions and to further identify the depth of the relationship of the related factors in order to decrease internet addiction.
PURPOSE This study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey to identify school nurses' knowledge, educational needs and providing education about Internet addiction. METHOD A total of 198 school nurses working in schools located in Gyunggi Province and the cities of Ulsan, Daegu, and Pohang participated in the study. A self-report scale was used to collect data. It included 53 items measuring school nurses' knowledge, their educational needs and performing related to Internet addiction. RESULTS The mean score for knowledge of Internet addiction was 13.12 (SD=3.13), indicating a moderate level of knowledge. The highest frequency, 24.7% of the school nurses agreed that the computer teacher is the appropriate person to do educate on Internet addiction, followed by the school nurse with another teacher (24.2%). Only 40.4% of the nurses had any experience in providing students with education about Internet addiction. The main reason for not providing education about Internet addiction was that there was no time (57.6%). Education was reported most frequently as being provided by the class teacher (36.3%), followed by school nurse (31.3%). CONCLUSIONS It is important to expand the role of school nurses in preventing and responding to Internet addiction and to develop training programs designed to further develop their abilities in teaching and counseling.
PURPOSE This study was done to identify the scope of internet addiction in school age children in early grades of elementary school in Korea, and to identify factors affecting internet addiction for these children. METHOD: The participants were 408 children from in grades 1 to 4 in four urban elementary schools. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires which were constructed to include a parent-child internet addiction test, a self-control rating scale, and a scale of parent control of on-line use.
The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. RESULTS: Of the children, 71.6% reported being average on-line users, 27.9%, heavy on-line users, and 0.5%, internet addicted.
Self control and parent control of on-line use for average on-line users were different from that of heavy on-line users. Significant predictors influencing internet addiction were time spent on-line, self control, gender, father's occupation, on-line games, on-line use alone, and conversation with parents. These predictors accounted for 42% of variance in internet addiction. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of heavy on-line use in children was higher than expected, and internet addiction was influenced by self control, time spent on-line, and related factors. Therefore nursing interventions for prevention and management of internet addiction need to be developed and provided to these children.
PURPOSE This study was done to identify the level of Internet addiction among adolescents, and to examine factors affecting Internet addiction in adolescents. METHOD The participants in were 475 high school students.
Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis to examine the factors affecting Internet addiction in adolescents. RESULT The overall Internet addiction scale score was 63.83(+/-20.48). The differences of Internet addiction according to student characteristics were found to be significant for sex and grade. The level of Internet addiction was positively related to the level of impulsiveness and depression. The level of Internet addiction was negatively related to the level of social support. Factors such as impulsiveness and social support were examined as significant factors predicting Internet addiction in adolescents. CONCLUSION Based upon these findings, factors affecting Internet addiction in adolescents include impulsiveness and social support. The findings provide further justification for interventions targeting key factors that influence Internet addiction in adolescents in addition to providing adolescents with necessary communication, negotiation and other life skills.
PURPOSE Internet addiction is a newly recognized problem in the adolescents. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the educational needs for Internet addiction in middle school students of Korea. METHOD The subjects of this study were 450 middle school students. The data were collected from open and structured questionnaire about the educational needs for Internet addiction. RESULT As a result of content analysis of educational needs for Internet addiction, 9 domains and 19 themes were categorized from 542 statements. 9 Domains are : Definition, Etiology, Status, Process, Diagnosis, Influence, Coping and Prevention of Internet Addiction and General Information of Internet Use. These results were revealed that middle school students had comprehensive education needs for Internet Addiction. Also, there were the difference of need contents and frequency between school boy and girl students. Most of students had high educational needs for Internet addiction based on school health care program. CONCLUSION It would be necessary to develop on Internet addiction prevention program for adolescents concerning these findings. In the future, there should be study to identify the psychological characteristics of adolescent associated with Internet addiction.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of internet addiction, internet expectancy, and self-efficacy in elementary school students. METHOD The study was carried out during the period from June 16 to July 12, 2003. The subjects in the study were 397 elementary students attending four elementary schools in Chungcheongbuk-do and Kyunggi-do. Self-rating questionnaire included general characteristics, internet addiction scale, internet expectancy scale, and self-efficacy scale. Data was analyzed using SPSS/WIN10.0 by unpaired t-test and Pearson corelation coefficient. RESULT In this study, the mean score of internet addiction was 20.7. Internet dangerous group was 12.6% and internet addicticted group was 0.3%. The score of internet addiction was significantly different according to parents' concern, aversion to school life and extracurricular lecture. The mean score of internet expectancy was 27.1. The score of Internet expectancy was significantly different according to popularity among friends and easiness of making friends. The mean score of self-efficacy was 55.8. The score of self-efficacy was significantly different according to conversation with parents, enforcement of parents on learning, aversion to school life, aversion to extracurricular lecture, existence of intimate friend, popularity among friends(p=.000), and easiness of making friends. CONCLUSION This study showed that prevalence of internet addiction was much lower than expected, but the score of internet addiction and internet expectancy can be different according to parents' concern and relationship with friends.Therefore parents must be concerned about their children and their school lives to prevent internet addiction.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate the degree of school children's internet addiction and to explicit the relationship among the internet addiction, family environment and school adjustment. METHOD The subjects of the study were 640 students from 5th and 6th year children of five elementary schools in G city.
The data were analyzed by SAS program with frequency, percentage, means, standard deviation, chi2-test, ANOVA and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. RESULT In the degree of the internet addiction were 10.0% of addiction group, 58.0% of intermediate group, and 32.0% of nonaddiction group. There were significant differences in family environment score(F=25.09, p=.0001) and school adjustment score(F=34.46, p=.0001) regarding internet addiction degree. The relationship among internet addiction score, family environment score and school adjustment score revealed a significant inverse correlation(r=-0.32, p=.0001, r=-0.35, p=.0001). And the relationship between family environment score and school adjustment score revealed a significant correlation(r=0.52, p=.0001). CONCLUSION The degree of school children's internet addiction has been found to be very high and correlated to the family environment and school adjustment. Therefore, programs should be developed in order to improve this situation.
PURPOSE In this study, the internet game addiction level was assessed, and parent-child attachment level associated with the addiction was analyzed. METHOD From December 5 to 23, 2005, self-reported questionnaire data were collected from 990 Busan City elementary school students of the 5th and 6th grades. The questionnaire consisted of questions about their characteristic features in playing internet games based on the K-scale developed by KADO. The data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 10.0 program. Frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, and standard deviation, chi2-test, ANOVA analysis and Scheffe test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS 1. With regard to the level of internet game addiction, 71.2% of the students responded that they were general users, and 6.3%, at high risk for addiction. Mean scores were 103.3 for the high-risk group, 77.7 for the potential risk group, and 55.86 for the general user group.
The total mean was 63.74. 2. Mean scores for parent-child attachment levels were 97.1 and 99.6 for father and mother, respectively. CONCLUSION These results suggest that a collaborative program to educate and counsel parents to increase the parent-child attachment level needs to be established in protection and recovery programs for internet game addiction.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of EP-IGAP(Internet Game Addiction Prevention Educational Program) on increasing the self-control and decreasing the time spent on internet games. METHOD The research design was a quasi-experiment, repeated measures design with non-equivalent control group.
Participants in this study were 269 elementary school students of elementary school(134 for the experimental group, 135 for the control group). The instruments used in this study were the Self-control of Internet Game Scale and Time spent on internet games per week. The experimental group participated in the EP-IGAP for 6 weeks. RESULTS After the intervention, the experimental group showed a significant increase in self-control related to internet games. But, there was no statistical difference in the time spent on internet games between the two groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that EP-IGAP is effective in increasing the self-control related to internet games in elementary school students. Further research is needed to modify the EP-IGAP.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop an effective obesity management program for elementary school children, based on the motivation theory. METHOD This study was a methodological study. A child obesity management program, based on the motivation theory was developed, a web site was made and children with obesity participated in the internet program. After the children finished the program, they evaluated the clinical validity of the program. The clinical validity was tested from Jun 12 to 16, 2006. The participants were 6 students. The evaluation tool was Keller's IMMS(Instructional Material Motivation Survey). Data were evaluated using means+/-SD for four major components A,R,C,S (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction), based on ARCS in the motivation theory. RESULTS The program developed in this study was named 'ARCS children obesity escape', and the URL is 'http://www.119kid.co.kr'. Regarding the four components of ARCS, the overall reaction of participants showed that they were very highly motivated by this program. CONCLUSION Utilizing the ARCS motivation strategies for solving obesity problems for children is an effective method to motivate the management of obesity, and can increase achievement motivation, attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction with the management of obesity. Thus, the program developed in this study is expected to reduce obesity in children, and become an important guide for obesity management and health improvement for children.
PURPOSE This study was done to investigate internet addiction, sexual attitudes and gender egalitarianism in middle school students, and to identify the differences of sexual attitude and gender egalitarianism according to the level of internet addiction. METHOD The participants were 344 students from two middle schools in Seoul. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires which included an internet addiction test, a sexual attitude scale, and a Korean gender egalitarianism scale for adolescents. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. RESULTS Of the students, 63.1% reported being average on-line users, 33.4%, heavy on-line users, and 3.5%, internet addicted. Sexual attitudes and gender egalitarianism of average on-line users were different from those addicted to the internet. Internet addiction, sexual attitudes and gender egalitarianism of students were different according to general characteristics, time spent on-line, and exposure and contact to cyber obscenities. CONCLUSION Sexual attitudes and gender egalitarianism in middle school students were influenced by internet addiction. Therefore nursing interventions to prevent and manage internet addiction need to be developed and provided to middle school students. Also a variety of programs for teaching sexuality to adolescents should be developed.
PURPOSE This study was conducted to identify the degree of Internet addiction and factors influencing this addiction among high school students in Korea. METHOD A total of 405 high school students in the Gyeoung-gi, Daegu and Gyeoung-buk areas were surveyed using questionnaires for data collection. RESULTS Internet addiction among high school students in Korea was relatively low. In the overall ratio distribution, however, the students who were classified as either addicted or at risk of addiction accounted for a high percentage of the students, 31.1%. Positive or negative relationships were found between internet addiction and the research variables but multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of Internet addiction was depression. CONCLUSION Using the above results, it is necessary to develop Internet addiction prevention programs for adolescents. There should be a more comprehensive study in the future for an in-depth understanding of internet addiction of adolescents.
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