Purpose
This study examined the effects of upright nesting compared with swaddling on physiological status, sleep duration, and feeding tolerance in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit.
Methods
A total of 48 preterm infants, 24 per group, with gestational ages of 31 to 36 weeks, were enrolled. During the study, all infants were fed every 2 hours and did not receive sedation. Those requiring respiratory support or presenting with congenital abnormalities were excluded. At the unit level, participants were assigned to the “upright nesting” or the “swaddling” group. Physiological parameters, such as body temperature, oxygen saturation, heart rate, and respiratory rate, as well as sleep duration and feeding tolerance, were measured over 3 consecutive days. To examine group effects, time effects, and group-by-time interactions, linear mixed models were applied.
Results
Baseline characteristics, including sex, birth weight, and gestational age, were comparable between groups. Infants receiving upright nesting showed higher mean body temperature and oxygen saturation, lower heart rate, longer sleep duration, and improved feeding tolerance. Linear mixed models presented significant main effects of time for temperature, oxygen saturation, and heart rate, while significant group effects were presented for sleep duration and feeding tolerance. Group by time interactions were not statistically significant, suggesting favorable trends without differential change over time.
Conclusion
Upright nesting supports physiological stability, promotes longer sleep duration, and enhances feeding tolerance in preterm infants. Furthermore, it is a promising supportive strategy in neonatal intensive care, but larger studies are needed to confirm the results.

Purpose
This study explored the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and school factors, following the socioecological model, associated with sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption in Korean high-school students.
Methods
A total of 231 students from first to third grade, aged 15–18 years, participated in this cross-sectional study. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors.
Results
Among the intrapersonal factors, fast-food consumption (β=0.13, t=1.97, p=.050) and habit strength of SSB consumption were positively associated (β=0.35, t=4.30, p<.001), and sleep duration was negatively associated with SSB consumption (β=–0.14, t=–2.02, p=.045). Among interpersonal factors, perceived SSB consumption by peers was positively associated (β=0.30, t=4.93, p<.001), and among school factors, vending machines at school (β=0.13, t=2.07, p=.039) and supermarkets and convenience stores near schools were positively associated with SSB consumption (β=0.17, t=2.87, p=.005).
Conclusion
School nurses should propose policies and interventions that consider the multilevel factors to reduce SSB consumption in adolescents.

Citations

• Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption among Koreans: Differences across Age Groups and Beverage Types
  Khongorzul Ganbat, Bo Hwi Kim, SuJin Song
  Preventive Nutrition and Food Science.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
This study examined the effects of a breastfeeding coaching program for mothers on growth and neonatal jaundice in late preterm infants (LPIs).
Methods
This was a quasi-experimental study (non-randomized intervention) with a time-series design. The study was conducted among 40 LPIs who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of a university hospital in Daegu, South Korea. In the order of admission, the first 21 infants were assigned to the experimental group, and 19 were assigned to the control group. The intervention program consisted of home- based and web-based practical breastfeeding support education for mothers across a total of 5 sessions. Infant growth was measured using body weight, length, and head circumference, and neonatal jaundice was assessed using transcutaneous bilirubin levels.
Results
The likelihood of breastfeeding for infants in the experimental group at 4 weeks after discharge was the same as on the day of discharge, whereas it steadily decreased in the control group. There were significant differences in head circumference between the groups. However, weight, length, and transcutaneous bilirubin levels did not show a significant group-time interaction.
Conclusion
A formal breastfeeding coaching program should be considered in clinical settings and at home within the first few weeks postpartum.

Citations

• Interventions to support parents, families and caregivers in caring for preterm or low birth weight infants at home: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Amie Wilson, Carol Bedwell, Valentina Actis Danna, Natalie Tate, Kerry Dwan, Anayda Portela, Tina Lavender, Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu
  PLOS Global Public Health.2026; 6(2): e0005690.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Telephone Breastfeeding Support on Breastfeeding Outcomes for Mothers of Late Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Study
  Ezgi Boz, Arzu Akcan
  Journal of Human Lactation.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mother’s Own Milk Provision During the First 12 Weeks of Life by Gestational Age
  Aloka L. Patel, Joshua Wilson, Melissa Holmes, Tricia J. Johnson
  JAMA Network Open.2025; 8(3): e250024.     CrossRef
• Changes in anthropometry in full‐term breastfed newborns and associated factors for the first month
  Beril Aydın, Siddika Songül Yalçin
  American Journal of Human Biology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Interventions to Improve Breastfeeding Outcomes in Late Preterm and Early Term Infants
  Sarah Dib, Kulnipa Kittisakmontri, Jonathan C. Wells, Mary Fewtrell
  Breastfeeding Medicine.2022; 17(10): 781.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to determine the influence of a breastfeeding coaching program (BCP) for mothers of late preterm infants (LPIs) on the breastfeeding rate and neonatal morbidity within 1 month after discharge.
Methods
This was a non-randomized quasi-experimental study with a time series design. The participants were 40 LPIs and their mothers who were hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit at a university hospital. Nineteen LPIs were assigned to the control group, and 21 to the experimental group. The mothers of the LPIs in the experimental group received the BCP once on the discharge day and then once a week for 1 month. Neonatal morbidity was defined as an outpatient department or emergency room visit due to an LPI's health problem.
Results
The breastfeeding rate in the experimental group was significantly higher than in the control group at the fourth week after discharge (x²=7.17, p=.028). Five and two LPIs in the control group and the experimental group, respectively, visited a hospital due to neonatal jaundice. Neonatal morbidity was not significantly different between the two groups (x²=1.95, p=.164).
Conclusion
The BCP was useful for improving the breastfeeding rates of LPIs and may have potential to reduce neonatal morbidity.

Citations

• Mother’s Own Milk Provision During the First 12 Weeks of Life by Gestational Age
  Aloka L. Patel, Joshua Wilson, Melissa Holmes, Tricia J. Johnson
  JAMA Network Open.2025; 8(3): e250024.     CrossRef
• Effects of an Online Theory‐Based Educational Programme for Primiparous Women on Improving Breastfeeding‐Related Outcomes: A Randomised Controlled Trial
  Mei Sze Wong, Wai Tong Chien
  Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A qualitative study on the perspectives of prenatal breastfeeding educational classes in Ireland: Implications for maternal breastfeeding decisions
  Jennifer Kehinde, Claire O’Donnell, Annmarie Grealish, Trhas Tadesse Berhe
  PLOS ONE.2024; 19(12): e0315269.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Breastfeeding and an Intensive Breast Milk Nutritional Support Program on Hospitalization Rates for Hyperbilirubinemia in Term Newborns: An Open Randomized Controlled Trial
  Nursan Cinar, Özge Karakaya Suzan, Ibrahim Caner, Sultan Peksen, Pinar Tabakoglu, Vedat Cinar
  Journal of Tropical Pediatrics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of a breastfeeding coaching program on growth and neonatal jaundice in late preterm infants in South Korea
  Gun Ja Jang, Sangjin Ko
  Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(4): 377.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to identify factors-both infant-related and maternal-associated with pressure to eat as a feeding practice among mothers with infants.
Methods
This study used a cross-sectional design and included 163 mothers of infants aged 2~12 months. Of the 180 self-reported questionnaires that were distributed, 163 (91%) were included in the data analysis. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with pressure to eat as a feeding practice among the mothers.
Results
Infant’s temperament (β=-.17, p=.035), mother’s body mass index (β=-.16, p=.048), and concern about the infant being underweight (β=.30, p=.001) were associated with pressure to eat as a feeding practice among mothers. The explanatory power of these variables in the predictive model was 19.2%.
Conclusion
Educational programs should be developed for improving mother’s awareness of cues from infants with difficult temperament. In addition, educational interventions regarding the correct evaluation of infant’s weight are needed to relieve mother’s concern about their infant’s being underweight. These interventions might be helpful to reduce the prevalence of pressure to eat as a feeding practice among mothers with infants.

Citations

• Evaluation of a Mobile-based Maternal Feeding Education Program for Overweight Prevention in Infants
  Jin Suk Ra
  Asian Nursing Research.2021; 15(2): 136.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a breastfeeding support program (BSP) on the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and growth in late-preterm infants.
Methods
A quasi-experimental study was conducted. The participants were 40 late preterm infants (LPIs), of whom 20 were assigned to the experimental group and 20 to the control group. For the mothers in the experimental group, a BSP was provided prior to the LPIs’ discharge and reinforced once a week for 4 weeks. Information on the feeding type was collected by observation and the LPIs’ body weight was measured.
Results
There were significant differences in feeding type by group and time. Exclusive breastfeeding was 5.18 times more common in the experimental group than in the control group (odds ratio=5.18, 95% confidence interval=1.11~16.70). However, weekly weight gain did not show a significant relationship with group and time (F=0.40, p=.712).
Conclusion
The BSP was helpful for increasing the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in LPIs. Furthermore, the LPIs in the experimental group, which had a higher likelihood of being exclusively breastfed, showed an equivalent amount of weight gain as the LPIs in the control group, in which infants were more likely to be formula-fed.

Citations

• Effectiveness of Postnatal Maternal or Caregiver Interventions on Outcomes among Infants under Six Months with Growth Faltering: A Systematic Review
  Ritu Rana, Barkha Sirwani, Saranya Mohandas, Richard Kirubakaran, Shuby Puthussery, Natasha Lelijveld, Marko Kerac
  Nutrients.2024; 16(6): 837.     CrossRef
• Impact of theory of planned behavior based intervention on breastfeeding patterns of the mothers with preterm infants: a randomized trial
  Shirin Okhovat, Mojgan Janighorban, Ashraf Kazemi
  BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Challenges and Choices in Breastfeeding Healthy, Sick and Preterm Babies: Review
  Susanne H. Bauer, Harald Abele, Joachim Graf
  Healthcare.2024; 12(23): 2418.     CrossRef
• Nutritional Management of Moderate- and Late-Preterm Infants Commenced on Intravenous Fluids Pending Mother's Own Milk: Cohort Analysis From the DIAMOND Trial
  Tanith Alexander, Michael Meyer, Jane E. Harding, Jane M. Alsweiler, Yannan Jiang, Clare Wall, Mariana Muelbert, Frank H. Bloomfield
  Frontiers in Pediatrics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of a breastfeeding coaching program on growth and neonatal jaundice in late preterm infants in South Korea
  Gun Ja Jang, Sangjin Ko
  Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(4): 377.     CrossRef
• Influence of a Breastfeeding Coaching Program on the Breastfeeding Rates and Neonatal Morbidity in Late Preterm Infants
  Gun Ja Jang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(3): 376.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an education program for mothers of late-preterm infants on parenting confidence, breastfeeding rate, and infants’ growth and readmission rate.
Methods
The participants were 53 mothers of late-preterm infants (26 in the experimental group and 27 in the control group). The experimental group was administered the late-preterm care education program while the control group received standard care. The program consisted of two sessions during hospitalization after birth, one session at the time of discharge, and telephone and social networking service consultations at weekly intervals for the month following discharge. The collected data were analyzed using the t-test, x² test, and repeated-measures analysis of variance.
Results
Parenting confidence and the breastfeeding rate were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. However, there was no significant difference in the late-preterm infants’ growth and readmission rates between the experimental and control groups.
Conclusion
A care education program for mothers of late-preterm infants can be a useful nursing intervention in clinical practice.

Citations

• The impact of postpartum in-home and telephone supportive counseling on maternal quality of life: A randomized controlled clinical trial
  Bita Eskandari, Roghaiyeh Nourizadeh, Esmat Mehrabi, Rasoul Heshmati, Reyhaneh Ivanbagha, Zahra Akbarivand
  Health Care for Women International.2026; 47(8): 909.     CrossRef
• ผลของโปรแกรมการพยาบาลแบบระบบสนับสนุนต่อความรู้และพฤติกรรมของมารดาครรภ์แรกในการดูแลทารกคลอดก่อนกำหนดที่บ้าน
  จารุวรรณ สนองญาติ, ขวัญฤทัย ธรรมกิจไพโรจน์, เนติยา แจ่มทิม, ลักขณา ศิรถิรกุล, เมทณี ระดาบุตร
  Journal of Thailand Nursing and Midwifery Council .2026; 41(02): 316.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of Interventions Supporting Mothers in High-Risk Neonatal Care on Maternal Psychosocial and Caregiving Outcomes: A Systematic Review with Narrative Synthesis
  N. Siva, Baby S. Nayak, Binil Velayudhan, Leslie Edward S. Lewis, Anice George
  Creative Nursing.2026; 32(3): 431.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Telephone Breastfeeding Support on Breastfeeding Outcomes for Mothers of Late Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Study
  Ezgi Boz, Arzu Akcan
  Journal of Human Lactation.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mother’s Own Milk Provision During the First 12 Weeks of Life by Gestational Age
  Aloka L. Patel, Joshua Wilson, Melissa Holmes, Tricia J. Johnson
  JAMA Network Open.2025; 8(3): e250024.     CrossRef
• The Effect of QR Code Supported Newborn Care Training Given to Mothers With Premature Infant on Self‐Efficacy and Anxiety: A Randomised Controlled Study
  Sinem Yalnızoğlu Çaka, Sümeyra Topal, Sinem Öztürkler, Fatma Tuncer Çelenkoğlu, Ayla Günlemez
  Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of a Nurse-Led Infant Health Promotion Education Program on Knowledge Among First-Time Pregnant Women in a Middle Eastern Country
  Suhaila Halasa, Judie Arulappan, Nadin M Abdel Razeq, Mahmoud Ai-Hussami, Dua’ Al-Maharma, Ommayah Nassar, Manar Nabolsi, Shawqi Saleh, Ibrahim Al Faouri
  Sage Open Nursing.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical Protocol #7: Model Maternity Policy Supportive of Breastfeeding
  Maria-Teresa Hernández-Aguilar, Melissa C. Bartick, Paula K. Schreck, Elise M. Chapin
  Breastfeeding Medicine.2025; 20(11): 771.     CrossRef
• Characteristics of late preterm infant readmissions: A systematic review
  Jennifer A. Joyner, Amy E. Papermaster, Jane Dimmitt Champion
  Journal of the American Association of Nurse Pract.2024; 36(6): 329.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of Postnatal Maternal or Caregiver Interventions on Outcomes among Infants under Six Months with Growth Faltering: A Systematic Review
  Ritu Rana, Barkha Sirwani, Saranya Mohandas, Richard Kirubakaran, Shuby Puthussery, Natasha Lelijveld, Marko Kerac
  Nutrients.2024; 16(6): 837.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Video-assisted Breast Milk and Breastfeeding Training Given to the Mothers of Hospitalized Newborns on the Breastfeeding Self-efficacy Success: A Semi-experimental Study
  Esra TURAL BÜYÜK, Nazlı BALTACI, Şenay ÇOŞĞUN
  Bezmialem Science.2023; 11(4): 417.     CrossRef
• A survey among healthcare professionals from seven countries reported diverse nutritional practices of late preterm infants
  Hon Kit Cheang, Chun‐Yan Yeung, Irene Cheah, Guslihan Dasa Tjipta, Bugis Mardiana Lubis, Raul Garza‐Bulnes, Dagoberto Delgado‐Franco, Adejumoke Idowu Ayede, Chinyere V. Ezeaka, Mamun Al Mohammad Abullah, Adedotun Owolabi, Anne Schaafsma, Urszula Kudla, Le
  Acta Paediatrica.2022; 111(7): 1362.     CrossRef
• Interventions to Improve Breastfeeding Outcomes in Late Preterm and Early Term Infants
  Sarah Dib, Kulnipa Kittisakmontri, Jonathan C. Wells, Mary Fewtrell
  Breastfeeding Medicine.2022; 17(10): 781.     CrossRef
• Effects of a breastfeeding coaching program on growth and neonatal jaundice in late preterm infants in South Korea
  Gun Ja Jang, Sangjin Ko
  Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(4): 377.     CrossRef
• Influence of a Breastfeeding Coaching Program on the Breastfeeding Rates and Neonatal Morbidity in Late Preterm Infants
  Gun Ja Jang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(3): 376.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Breast Milk Feeding in Singleton Late Preterm Infants
  Su Jin Kim, Gun Ja Jang
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2020; 45(4): 311.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study sought to develop the Breastfeeding Adaptation Scale-Short Form(BFAS-SF) for use at 4 weeks postpartum, to test its validity and reliability, and to examine its measurement invariance. The latent mean score of the BFAS-SF across multiple groups was also compared.
Methods
This methodological research study was conducted to develop a short form of the BFAS and to test its psychometric properties and measurement invariance. Data were collected twice for measurement invariance testing. The sample included 431 and 272 breastfeeding mothers at 2 weeks and 4 weeks postpartum, respectively.
Results
Confirmatory factor analysis supported six dimensions of the BFAS-SF at 4 weeks postpartum. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis revealed evidence for invariance of the BFAS-SF according to employment status, parity, delivery mode, and the postpartum period. There were statistically significant latent mean differences. Mothers who were unemployed and who had a vaginal delivery showed significantly higher scores for breastfeeding confidence, sufficient breast milk, and baby’s satisfaction with breastfeeding.
Conclusion
The BFAS-SF is valid, reliable, and an appropriate instrument for assessing mothers’ breastfeeding adaptation. It can be used to compare mean scores according to employment status and delivery mode.

Citations

• Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Breastfeeding Beliefs Scale: A Methodological Study
  Nülüfer Erbil, Leyla Emirik, Esra Güler, Büşra Nur Geldi, Tuba Çıtak
  Journal of Human Lactation.2026; 42(3): 751.     CrossRef
• Breastfeeding Measurement Instruments: A COSMIN Review and Recommendation
  Bingjie Liu, Fen Zhou, Yunpeng Lv, Keke Lin, Yuxi Wang, Botan Xu, Ting Yuan
  Journal of Human Lactation.2026; 42(2): 324.     CrossRef
• Maternal and neonatal outcomes following cesarean delivery on maternal request at different parities in China: A prospective cohort study
  Liping Li, Yiying You, Muhetaer. Mierzhati, Fang Tan, Yu Gu, Yanling Wang
  Midwifery.2025; 149: 104567.     CrossRef
• Risk factors for self‐reported insufficient milk during the first 6 months of life: A systematic review
  Sofia Segura‐Pérez, Linda Richter, Elizabeth C. Rhodes, Amber Hromi‐Fiedler, Mireya Vilar‐Compte, Misikir Adnew, Kate Nyhan, Rafael Pérez‐Escamilla
  Maternal & Child Nutrition.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Measurement Invariance and Latent Mean Differences in the Nurses' Emotional Labour Scale
  Sun-Hee KIM, Eunkyung LEE, Jin-Hwa PARK
  Journal of Nursing Research.2022; 30(6): e239.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Quality of Life in Early Postpartum Women
  Yu-Jeong Jeong, Ju-Hee Nho, Hye Young Kim, Ji Young Kim
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(6): 2988.     CrossRef
• Emzirme Adaptasyon Ölçeği Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
  Yasemin DİNÇEL, Resmiye ÖZDİLEK
  Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimler.2021; 3(3): 190.     CrossRef
• Breastfeeding Adaptation Scale-Short Form for mothers at 2 weeks postpartum: construct validity, reliability, and measurement invariance
  Sun-Hee Kim
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2020; 26(4): 326.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to identify factors associated with maternal attachment of breastfeeding mothers, with a focus on the mothers' breastfeeding characteristics.
Methods
Data were collected from 217 mothers who breastfed their healthy baby for 1 month after childbirth and had no postpartum complications. The data were analyzed by hierarchical regression analysis.
Results
The factors significantly associated with maternal attachment were an emotional exchange with one's baby (β=.41, p<.001), breastfeeding confidence (β=.20, p=.022), depression ('quite a bit or more', β=-.18, p=.005), and depression ('a little', β =-.14, p=.024). The model explained 38.4% of variance in maternal attachment.
Conclusion
In order to improve attachment, nurses should be actively supported in helping mothers in the first month postpartum adapt to breastfeeding. Interventions to prevent postpartum depression should also be conducted.

Citations

• The Relationship Between Maternal Attachment and Sexual Self-Confidence in Breastfeeding Women
  Figen Turk Dudukcu, Berna Bayır, Duygu Yokuş
  Sexuality Research and Social Policy.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The role of breastfeeding and formula feeding regarding depressive symptoms and an impaired mother child bonding
  Clara Carvalho Hilje, Nicola H. Bauer, Daniela Reis, Claudia Kapp, Thomas Ostermann, Franziska Vöhler, Alfred Längler
  Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Breastfeeding and maternal attachment: The moderating roles of maternal stress and child behavior
  Gemma López-Fernández, Maite Barrios, Juana Gómez-Benito
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2023; 69: e80.     CrossRef
• Rethinking breastfeeding management
  Allison Scott, Tracie Kirkland
  The Nurse Practitioner.2023; 48(3): 11.     CrossRef
• Quality of prenatal care and maternal fetal attachment among primigravid mothers in the Philippines: A cross sectional study
  Artemio M. Gonzales, Teresita I. Barcelo
  Midwifery.2023; 127: 103842.     CrossRef
• Determining the Emotions and Thoughts of Mothers During the Process of Weaning the Babies: A Qualitative Study
  Funda Tosun Güleroğlu, Elif Uludağ, Sevim Çimke
  Journal of Ankara University Faculty of Medicine.2023; 76(3): 180.     CrossRef
• Predicting Maternal Attachment: The Role of Emotion Regulation and Resilience during Pregnancy
  Berkan ŞAHİN
  Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences.2022; 6(1): 105.     CrossRef
• Concept analysis of maternal-infant attachment during the weaning process
  Artemio M. Gonzales Jr, Lourdes Marie S. Tejero
  Belitung Nursing Journal.2022; 8(5): 381.     CrossRef
• Intergenerational Transmissible Meanings in Breastfeeding in Spain: A Phenomenological Study
  Rocío Rodriguez-Vazquez, Raquel Jiménez-Fernández, Inmaculada Corral-Liria, Susana Cabrera-Fernandez, Marta Elena Losa-Iglesias, Ricardo Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2020; 51: e108.     CrossRef
• Perception des mères sur l’établissement de la relation mère-enfant en contexte d’allaitement difficile ayant mené au sevrage
  Marie-Magdeleine Dubé, Linda Bell, Marie Lacombe
  Revue Francophone Internationale de Recherche Infi.2020; 6(4): 100208.     CrossRef
• Antenatal Depressive Symptoms and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women
  Seung Jae Baek, Ji-ae Yun, Ji ae Nam, Eun Young Seo, Seo Young Kwon, Chang Hwa Lee, Kyeong-Sook Choi
  Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2019; 58(4): 346.     CrossRef

Purpose
To investigate factors that may affect the method of feeding among preterm infants at 4 weeks after discharge.
Methods
This study included 222 mother-infant dyads born before a gestational age of 37 weeks. The feeding method and general medical characteristics of the participants were assessed at 4 weeks after discharge using a structured questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine which factors were associated with breastfeeding at home.
Results
Of the 222 infants who qualified for the study, 71 (32.9%) continued to receive breastmilk at 4 weeks post-discharge. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that breastfeeding at 4 weeks post-discharge was associated with higher breastfeeding self-efficacy, vaginal delivery (experience), direct breastfeeding in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), gestational age between 30 and 34 weeks, and breastmilk consumption in the NICU. The following factors were associated with mixed feeding at 4 weeks post-discharge: being employed, having higher breastfeeding self-efficacy, and direct breastfeeding in the NICU.
Conclusion
NICU nurses should provide opportunities for direct breastfeeding during hospitalization and support breastfeeding to enhance breastfeeding self-efficacy. These factors may help to ensure the continuation of breastfeeding after discharge. Moreover, factors that affect breastfeeding should be considered when providing interventions.

Citations

• Identifying Latent Topics and Trends in Premature Infant–Related Nursing Studies Using a Latent Dirichlet Allocation Method
  Myeong Seon Lee, Seonah Lee
  CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing.2023; 41(12): 957.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify effects of Massage therapy on feeding intolerance and physical growth in premature infants.
Methods
This study was conducted in the NICU of U university hospital, from June to December 2014. A quasi experimental design was used. A total of 60 premature infants were randomly assigned into two groups of 30 infants each. Infants of control group were given conventional treatment, while infants of experimental group given conventional treatment plus massage therapy. Massage therapy was performed for 15 minutes, 60 minutes before feeding, 3 times per day for 21 times over 7 days. The number of feedings withheld for feeding intolerance, number of gastric residuals, number of fecal excretions and physical growth variables (weight, height) were measured.
Results
After the intervention, number of fecal excretions and weight gain in the experimental group were significantly higher than that of the control group. Also, number of gastric residuals in the experimental group was lower than that of the control group.
Conclusion
Massage therapy laid the basis for nursing intervention to promote feeding tolerance and physical growth in premature infants.

Citations

• A Network Meta‐Analysis of Complementary Interventions for Weight Gain and Hospital Stay Reduction
  Mega Hasanul Huda, Khatijah Lim Abdullah, Herry Susanto, Joseph Kondwani Banda, Yeni Rustina, Hasriza Eka Putra, Niken Angelia, Novardian, Robiyatul Adawiyah, Rizkya Wimahavinda Kardono, Ita Daryanti Saragih, Ika Saptarini, Neni Fidya Santi, Faizul Hasan
  Acta Paediatrica.2026; 115(7): 1373.     CrossRef
• Effects of massage therapy alone or together with passive mobilisations on weight gain and length of hospitalisation in preterm infants: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  Sara Mollà-Casanova, Núria Sempere-Rubio, Elena Muñoz-Gómez, Marta Aguilar-Rodríguez, Pilar Serra-Añó, Marta Inglés
  Early Human Development.2023; 182: 105790.     CrossRef
• The Usefulness of the Evaluation of Gastric Residuals in Premature Infants
  Kyung Min Lee, Su Jung Choi
  Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2019; 12(3): 74.     CrossRef

Purpose
It is crucial to provide adequate enteral nutrition for postoperative recovery, wound healing and normal growth in infants in pediatric cardiac ICUs. This study was done to develop a feeding protocol using the vaso-active inotropic (VAI) score and to evaluate the impact of nutritional outcomes following the new feeding protocol for infants who underwent cardiac surgery.
Methods
This study consisted of three phases. First, a feeding protocol was developed based on a literature review. Second, ten experts rated the content validity. Third, a comparison study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the new feeding protocol. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 20.
Results
Twenty-nine infants were enrolled in the pre-protocol group, and 22 infants in the post-protocol group. Patients in the 2 groups were similar. Time to reach feeding goal was significantly decreased from 56.0 (27-210) hours to 28.5 (10-496) hours in the post-protocol group (Z=-4.22, p<.001). Level of enteral feeding knowledge among nurses increased significantly after implementation of the protocol.
Conclusion
The feeding protocol using VAI score facilitates the achievement feeding goal to decrease feeding interruptions and help nurses in their practice. Larger studies are necessary to examine clinical outcomes following the implementation of this feeding protocol.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify breastfeeding practice with late preterm infants (LPIs), and to determine predictors of exclusive breastfeeding at the 12th week after discharge.
Methods
The participants were 106 mothers of LPIs hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units at two university hospitals. Data were collected between February and October, 2013. Questionnaires included characteristics of LPIs, their mothers, and feeding-related characteristics. Feeding methods were exclusive breastfeeding, mixed feeding, and formula feeding.
Results
Exclusive breastfeeding steadily increased from 5.7% at the 1st week to 19.8% at the 12th week, as did formula feeding from 27.3% to 67.9%. Contrarily, mixed feeding decreased from 67.0% at the 1st week to 12.3% at the 12th week. The ratio of formula feeding was higher than that of exclusive breastfeeding over time. Predictors for exclusive breastfeeding were the following: type of delivery (OR=2.96, 95% CI=1.07-8.14), feeding intolerance (OR=3.03, 95% CI=1.26-7.25) and feeding method during hospitalization (OR=7.84, 95% CI=3.15-19.53).
Conclusion
In order to increase breastfeeding opportunities for LPIs, educational programs for gestational age-appropriate breastfeeding should be developed. The focus of breastfeeding education needs to be on mothers who delivered their LPIs through Cesarean-section and LPIs who had feeding intolerance or were fed only formula during hospitalization.

Citations

• Understanding Food Allergy Risk Factors: Current Knowledge and Recent Advances Using a Large Retrospective Cohort Analysis
  Idit Lachover-Roth, Daniel Sarusi, Neta Biran, Noreen Abd-Elkader, Anat Cohen-Engler, Yossi Rosman, Saray Sity-Harel, Ronit Confino-Cohen, Ran Gilad-Bachrach, Tzipi Hornik-Lurie
  International Archives of Allergy and Immunology.2025; 187(7): 692.     CrossRef
• ‘Human Milk Bank (HMB): The Journey till Now and the Road Ahead’: A Retrospective Observational Study in a Tertiary Care Centre of Western India
  Das Sayan Kumar, Nisha Prajapati, Geet Gunjana Khaitan
  Journal of Neonatology.2024; 38(1): 68.     CrossRef
• Feeding Difficulties in Late Preterm Infants and Their Impact on Maternal Mental Health and the Mother–Infant Relationship: A Literature Review
  Giulia Vizzari, Daniela Morniroli, Arianna D’Auria, Paola Travella, Elena Bezze, Patrizio Sannino, Serena Rampini, Paola Marchisio, Laura Plevani, Fabio Mosca, Maria Lorella Giannì
  Nutrients.2023; 15(9): 2180.     CrossRef
• Influence of a Breastfeeding Coaching Program on the Breastfeeding Rates and Neonatal Morbidity in Late Preterm Infants
  Gun Ja Jang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(3): 376.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Breast Milk Feeding in Singleton Late Preterm Infants
  Su Jin Kim, Gun Ja Jang
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2020; 45(4): 311.     CrossRef
• Post-Discharge Follow-Up of Preterm Infants at High-Risk Neonatal Follow-Up Clinic of a Maternity Hospital
  Naeeme Taslimi Taleghani, Minoo Fallahi, Zahra Soltanttooyeh, Ahmad Reza Shamshiri, Mitra Radfar
  Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare the rate of breastfeeding and factors which affect late preterm infants’ (LPIs) breastfeeding according to gestational age.
Methods
Participants were LPIs of 34 weeks (n=70), 35 weeks (n=75), and 36 weeks (n=88). Data were collected from July to December, 2011 from four university hospitals in D city. Descriptive statistics and odds ratio were used to compare three groups.
Results
The rate of breastfeeding at 1 week after LPIs’ discharge was 32.9%, 37.3%, 23.9% at 34, 35 and 36 weeks, respectively. The tendency to breastfeed in LPIs of 34 weeks was lower for LPIs born by Cesarean-section, while it was higher for LPIs with a longer period of breastfeeding during hospitalization and higher body weight at the first day of feeding. The prevalence of breastfeeding in LPIs of 35 weeks and 36 weeks was higher for infants with a history of more frequent breastfeeding during hospitalization.
Conclusion
The rate of breastfeeding in LPIs of 36 weeks was the lowest. This study suggests that nurses should give more customized education to mothers with LPIs of 36 weeks during their stay in hospitals.

Citations

• Factors Influencing Breast Milk Feeding in Singleton Late Preterm Infants
  Su Jin Kim, Gun Ja Jang
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2020; 45(4): 311.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Predictors of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Late Preterm Infants at 12 Weeks
  Soo Yeon Lee, Gun Ja Jang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(2): 79.     CrossRef

Purpose
Purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the performance of hand hygiene by parents of hospitalized infants.
Methods
The study was conducted with 209 parents of hospitalized infants from one hospital in Changwon. Data were collected from June through August, 2014 and analyzed using SPSS Win 18.0 program.
Results
There were positive correlations between performance of hand hygiene and perceptions of sanitary formula bottle (r = .586, p < .001), attitude to hand hygiene (r = .438, p < .001), and knowledge of hand hygiene (r = .405, p < .001) and between parent efficacy and perceptions of sanitary formula bottle (r = .572, p < .001). Awareness of perceptions of sanitary for-mula bottle (β = .308, p < .001), parent efficacy (β = .281, p < .001) and hand hygiene attitude (β = .207, p < .001) were significant predictors of hand hygiene performance and explained 46.1% of the variance.
Conclusion
To increase infection control medical institutions should provide education on hand hygiene and training for parents of hospitalized infants. In order to enhance the performance of hand hygiene, it is necessary to develop and apply nursing programs for hospitalized infants that include hand hygiene attitude, maintenance of the sanitary formula bottle and parent efficacy.

Citations

• Effects of Audio-Visual Stimulation on Hand Hygiene Compliance among Family and Non-Family Visitors of Pediatric Wards: A Quasi-Experimental Pre-post Intervention Study
  Duri Kim, Ogcheol Lee
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2019; 46: e92.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
One of the main reasons why mothers quit breast feeding is that the volume of breast milk is inadequate due to insufficiency in suckling. We believe suckling experience may be a factor affecting nipple confusion. So an alternative feeding method, namely cup, spoon, finger, or nasogastric tube feeding may be needed to prevent nipple confusion. The purpose of this study was to construct a predictive model for demand for alternative feeding education by nurses.
METHODS
A descriptive design with structured self-report questionnaires was used for this study. Data from 175 nurses working in hospitals in Busan were collected between April 1 and 15, 2009. Data were analyzed by decision tree method, one of the data mining techniques using SAS 9.1 and Enterprise Miner 4.3 program.
RESULTS
Of the nurses, 81.1% demanded alternative feeding education and 5 factors showed that most of them expressed intention to pay, desire to know about alternative feeding, age, and learning experience. From these results, the derived model is considered appropriative for explaining and predicting demand for alternative feeding education.
CONCLUSION
This confirms that knowledge and compliance in alternative breast feeding for newborn babies should be correct and any inaccuracies or insufficient information should be supplemented.

Citations

• Length of stay in PACU among surgical patients using data mining technique
  Je-Bog Yoo, Hee Jung Jang
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperati.2013; 14(7): 3400.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a feeding protocol for premature infants and to evaluate the effects of protocol.
METHODS
The feeding protocol was developed through a literature review and discussions of an expert group. The developed feeding protocol was tested with 85 preterm infants in one neonatal intensive care unit in B city. A non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design was used. Data were collected from January 1 to April 30, 2013 for the control group and from June 1 to September 30, 2013 for the experimental group. The experimental group (n=38) received the feeding protocol, whereas the control group (n=47) had routine feeding care. Collected data were analyzed by t-test and -test using SPSS/WIN version 18.0.
RESULTS
First feeding time (t=2.22, p=.029) and full enteral feeding time (t=2.28, p=.026) were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group. There was no difference in incidence of complications (p>.05). Also no significant differences in weight reduction rate between the two groups were observed at the 7th postnatal day (t=-1.23, p=.222).
CONCLUSION
The results indicate that the feeding protocol for preterm infants is effective in decreasing first feeding time and full enteral feeding time.

Citations

• A study on the correlation between upper airway diseases and urinary heavy metals concentration in household residents
  Jihee Choi, Yujin Oh, Yunjae Kim, Munseob Ahn, Ji Young Im, Chung Soo Lee, Heejin Park, Moo-Kyun Park, Bu-Soon Son
  Journal of Odor and Indoor Environment.2018; 17(1): 78.     CrossRef
• Analysis of Studies on High-Risk Infants and Quality Assessment of Intervention Studies
  Hyejung Lee, Anna Kim, Anna Maeng, Gayeong Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(2): 153.     CrossRef
• Effects of Massage Therapy on Feeding Intolerance and Physical Growth in Premature Infants
  Hyun Young Seo, Young Hae Kim, Sung-Ju Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(4): 355.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to describe breastfeeding knowledge, attitude and nursing practice of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses.
METHODS
Survey methodology using a self administered questionnaire was employed as the research design. A total of 153 questionnaires from 7 university hospital NICUs in Seoul, Daejeon, and Daegu were used for data analysis.
RESULTS
The percentage of correct answers on the breastfeeding knowledge questions for the NICU nurses was 59.3%. The nurses in NICU reported a somewhat positive attitude to breastfeeding, mean per item 3.70+/-0.41 on a scale of 5 points. Their breastfeeding nursing practice was at a moderate level, mean per item, 3.26+/-0.74. Breastfeeding knowledge had significant correlations with breastfeeding attitude (r=.554, p<.001) and nursing practice (r=.203, p=.002). Also, There was a significant correlation between breastfeeding attitude and nursing practice (r=.243, p=.002).
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that breastfeeding educational programs and strategies for NICU nurses should be developed to increase their breastfeeding knowledge, attitude, and nursing practice.

Citations

• NICU nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, practices, and influencing factors regarding breastfeeding of newborns: a scoping review
  Hanmei Peng, Xia Li, Xuemei Guo, Ying-Xin Li, Xi Huang, Liangni Zeng, Chengmei Liu, Yuan Li, Yanling Hu
  International Breastfeeding Journal.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Development and Validation of Breastfeeding Knowledge Test for Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
  Jung Eun Hong, Soo-Young Yu, Jeonghee Ahn, Hye Ok Park, Seungmi Park
  Diabetology.2026; 7(2): 36.     CrossRef
• Development of a Protocol for the Direct Breastfeeding of Premature Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Units
  Eun Sook Kim, Hyun Gi Min, Ji Yeon Lee, Ji Yoon Lee, Young Hee Yi
  Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing.2024; 38(1): 73.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of a Mobile-based Maternal Feeding Education Program for Overweight Prevention in Infants
  Jin Suk Ra
  Asian Nursing Research.2021; 15(2): 136.     CrossRef
• Knowledge of and Attitude toward Breastfeeding among Medical Staff Working in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Obstetric Unit
  Eun Sook Kim, Young Hee Cho, Hyejung Lee
  Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2020; 24(2): 102.     CrossRef
• Influencing Factors on Breastfeeding Nursing Activities of Nursing Students
  Ya Ki Yang
  Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Educ.2019; 25(1): 83.     CrossRef
• Impact of Breastfeeding Knowledge, Attitude, and Barriers on Breastfeeding Practice among Twin Mothers
  Jae In Shim, Sook Jung Kang
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2017; 23(2): 89.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics and the related factors of attachment-oriented caretaking behavior in mothers who are breast-feeding their infants.
METHOD
The subjects were 155 mothers who participated in a healthy breast-feeding contest in the Busan area. The data were collected from September 24, 2003, and were analyzed using SPSS WIN 10.0.
RESULTS
The mothers were highly affirmative in their attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors (total mean 2.59+/-.502 of a possible score of 3). Among the attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors (10 items), the scores for 6 items were higher than the average score and 4 items were lower than the average score. There were significant differences in the attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors according to level of education (p<0.05), and planned duration of breast-feeding (p<0.001). Mothers with university education who planned to breast-feed as long as the baby wanted had higher scores.
CONCLUSIONS
The above results suggest that nursing interventions which are individualized and practical are needed to encourage the attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors essential to breast-feeding mothers.

PURPOSE
There has been a number of reports on elution of bisphenol-A, an endocrine disrupting chemical, from milk bottles, all concerning the potential health effect of the substance. In this study, we measured the elution of bisphenol-A from milk bottles during boiling-water sterilization, to suggest a safe sterilization method.
METHOD
Through the survey of 200 mothers, 78.5% of them expressed their concern on the possible harmful effect of bisphenol-A, which might be eluted from the bottles. And it was found that most mothers use boiling-water to sterilize bottles; duration of boiling bottles could be divided into three groups of 3, 5, and 10 minutes. We measured the elution of bisphenol- A from three different brands of bottles, subject to various mode of sterilization found in the survey.
RESULT
In all the measurements, the concentration of the eluted bisphenol-A was in the range of 0.3 - 0.7 ppb, far below 2.5ppm, the level set up by Korea Food & Drug Administration(KFDA) for a potential harmful effect.
CONCLUSION
Although trace amount of bisphenol -A can be eluted from polycarbonate milk bottles during sterilization, and bottle feeding, the amount is found to be too small to cause any health related impact for infants.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to determine rate of breastfeeding practice at 3 months and to examine predictors for breastfeeding practice.
METHOD
Study subjects were 114 mothers who gave birth at one hospital in Busan area. Data regarding breastfeeding practice and potentially related factors to breastfeeding were collected through a self-administered questionaire at 1 weeks and a telephone survey at 3 months. Logistic regression was used to identifiy significant the predictors on breastfeeding practice.
RESULT
Rate of breastfeeding practice was 46.5% at three months of postpartum. The significant predictors for performing breastfeeding were lower the experience of breastfeeding trouble problem(OR=.88 compared with breastfeeding women, 95% CI; 78-.99), higher first breastfeeding satisfaction (OR=1.81 compared with non-breastfeeding women, 95% CI; 1.08-3.32), higher breastfeeding confidence(OR=1.84 compared with non-breastfeeding women, 95% CI; 1.08-3.32).
CONCLUSION
The findings suggest the necessity of support program for mothers during the positive postpartum period to provide correct information about breastfeeding knowledge and attitude and to teach problem-solving skills for any breastfeeding problems for highere rate of breastfeeding practice.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this research is to provide basic informations for the encouragements of premature infants' breast feeding.
METHOD
From August 10 to October 9, 2002, we have carried out a statical research which surveyed 148 mothers of premature infants registered in NICU. The sample had generated cluster-randomly from 25 General Hospitals, all over the Korea peninsula and being surveyed with 74 questionnaires.
RESULT
Mean hospitalized day of premature infants was 27.9 days. The mean total feeding period was 19.1 days and continuous breast feeding period 12.4days. They were interested in breast feeding education-they answered that they would join the breast feeding education if they were given the chance 87.8%. There was significant relation between babies fed only breast milk and the body weight of birth(p < .05). The reasons why mother gave the baby her breast milk include 'for her baby's health' and 'people said breast milk is good for babies' with a portion of 99%. The main reason why mothers could not execute breast feeding was 'the deficit of breast milk volume' 50.0% and other reason were 'because of start to support more nutritions '18.2%, 'difficulty to carry out the breast milk to hospital'13.6%. The reasen why mothers could not try breast feeding at first were 'deficit of breast milk volume'37.0%, 'not to be prepared for breast feeding because of unexpected delivery'32.6%.
CONCLUSION
We need a program to inform importance and excellent of the breast feeding and a plan to increase the premature infants' breast feeding through the importation of fortifier.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mother's knowledge level of breast feeding and nursing activities related to breast feeding perceived by mothers. The subjects were 77 mothers who within 3 days after child birth in 2 Obstetric Clinic in Seoul and P city from Dec 1 to 31, 1999. Data were collected by a questionnaire developed Jung et al.(1994). This study was statistically analyzed according to Frequency, t-test and ANOVA. The results are as follows : 1) The characteristics of subjects : The majority of subjects were aged 30-34 years(44.2%), high school & college graduate(93.6%), had one child(51.9%), had no religion(42.9%), jobless(72.7%) and had no experience of breast feeding(59.7%). 2)Mean score of mother's knowledge level of breast feeding was ranged from 7-16. Mean score of breast feeding was 11.56 points out of possible 20 points meaned that it was a low level. 3)General characteristics were significantly related to mother's knowledge level of breast feeding as follow : age(F= 3.99, P < 0.001) and religion(F= 4.30, P < 0.05). 4) Mean score of nursing activities related to breast feeding by mothers was ranged from 30-146. Mean score of nursing activities related to breast feeding perceived by mothers was 100.05 points out of 150 points meant that it was a high level.

This study was done to compare the breast-feeding primiparas' perceptions of their babies with bottle-feeding primiparas' at 2-3 days after delivery. The subjects of this study included 42 breast-feeding mothers and 56 bottle-feeding mothers. Data were collected by using the Neonatal Perception Inventory(NPI) devised by Broussard(1963) and added by Lee, Ja Hyung(1986) form December, 1996 to June, 1997. The results of this study are as follows : 1. Primiparas perceptions of their babies according to their general characteristics. 1) There was no significant difference in mothers' perceptions according to mothers' age and whether they have a job or not. 2) There was a difference in mothers' perceptions according to their educational level(P<0.1). 2. The comparisons of breast-feeding mothers' perceptions of their babies with bottle-feeding mothers'. 1) There was no significant difference in the two group's perceptions of other babies 2) There was no significant difference in the two group's perceptions of their own babies. (1) Breast-feeding mothers' general perceptions of their own babies were better than bottle-feeding mothers', but there was (2) Breast-feeding mothers' perceptions about the basic needs of their own babies were better than bottle-feeding mothers', and there was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05). (3) Breast-feeding mothers' perceptions about the sense and motor abilities of their own babies were better than bottle-feeding mothers', but there was no significant difference between the two groups. (4) Breast-feeding mother's perceptions about the necessary care of their own babies were lower than bottle-feeding mothers', but there was no significant difference between the two group. 3) There was no significant difference between the two groups' positive-negative perceptions of their babies (1) 69% of breast-feeding mothers and 69.9% of bottle-feeding mothers had positive perceptions about general conditions, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (2) 57.1% of breast-feeding mothers and 46.4% of bottle-feeding mothers had positive perceptions about the needs of babies, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. (3) 50% of breast-feeding mothers and 48.2% of bottle-feeding mothers had positive perceptions about the sense and motor abilities of babies, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. (4) 57.1% of breast-feeding mothers and 60.7% of bottle-feeding mothers had positive perceptions about the necessary care for babies, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. 3. 54.8% of breast-feeding mothers tried to feed their own babies on the 1st day after delivery. 83.3% of breast-feeding mothers chose the feeding method for themselves. Only 9.5% of breast-feeding mothers took recommendations for breast-feeding from nurses. 78.6% of breast-feeding mothers had no chance to learn about breast-feeding. 69% of breast-feeding mothers complained about the difficulties of breast-feeding. The most serious problems were : 'insufficient milk supply', 'lack of knowledge about feeding technique' and 'problems with nipples'.

This study was attempted to identify the knowledge to breast-feeding and the performance of nursing activities for breast-feeding and to test "how does the degree of knowledge to breast-feeding influence the nursing activities for breast-feeding?" The subjects were 180 nurses working in delivery rooms, nursery, obstetrics & pediatrics wards or OPD of obstetrics & gynecology of 8 general hospitals in Pusan as of August 3 through 13, 1996. The results are abstracted as follows : 1) Subject nurses' age : 25-29 was 45.6%(the major), education levels ; graduates from junior college were 95.0%, unmarried status was 62.2%, 76.5% of married nurses had children, 39.7% in-service education for Breast-Feeding, 337% did nursing activities for breast-feeding actively, the reason for inadequate activities for breast-feeding was "too much other tasks." 2) The degree of knowledge to breast-feeding ; mean score was 13.54, the degree of performance of nursing activities for breast-feeding ; 92.38+/-20.93 points out of possible 145 points(3.19+/-.74 out of possible 5 points) meaned that it was a low level. 3) The hypothesis "the nurses who have higher degrees of knowledge to breast-feeding will show higher degrees of performance of nursing activities for breast-feeding than the nurses who have lowe degrees of knowledge to breast-feeding" was tested by t-test(t=-.01, P=.9888), but rejected because it turned out statistically not significant at the level of P<.05) Above results suggested the degrees of knowledge to breast-feeding and the degrees of performance of nursing activities for breast-feeding were generally low and the degree of knowledge didn't influence the nursing activities. Researchers believe that the education for breast-feeding by the nurses need to be performed systemically & practically and new-method of breast-feeding education program need to include hospital managers as well as nurses related mothers and their family. In addition, researchers propose the introduction of "lactation specialist system", for the specialist can change the attitude of feeding-mothers positively with their specialty and authority.

Despite the 12-year KNA breastfeeding campaign, the declining trend in the national breastfeeding rate has not been significantly reversed. PURPOSE: This investigation focused on mothers' decision to breastfeed and the physical growth profiles of breastfed infants.
METHODS
Participants were 146 mothers and their 5-7 months old infants participating the "Year 2005 Healthy Breastfed Baby Contest." Data were collected through interviews with mothers on their breastfeeding practice and assessment of infant growth profiles by the investigators.
RESULTS
Concerning breastfeeding practice, 76% of mothers decided to breastfeed even before their pregnancy and 92% intended to breastfeed a year or as long as baby wants and 52% planned to breastfeed solely by self-motivation from reading. The growth profiles of breastfed infants showed that for WAZ (weight-for-age Z-scores), LAZ (length-for-age Z-scores) and HCAZ (head circumference-for-age Z-scores) the breastfed infants were above the WHO percentiles for their age.
CONCLUSION
Considering that the mothers planned to breastfeed even before pregnancy and that the physical growth of the breastfed infants was above WHO standards, the authors recommend that in future campaigns the focus should be on families who plan to have a baby.

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to describe growth and development of breast-fed infants and to depict experiences of breastfeeding mothers.
METHOD
The data were collected from 145 infants and mothers participating in A Healthy Breastfeeding Infant Contest. The instrument used for this study was a self-report questionnaire completed by the participants and an evaluation record completed by the examiners.
RESULTS
The more specific results of the study are as follows: the weight of the infants was much higher than the Korean Standards. The height of infants was not significantly different from the Korean Standards except for 5 month old male infants. The results of Denver II showed all 145 infants were classified as normal. The breastfeeding experiences in mothers was as follows; 31.7% of the mothers breastfed for 5 months, 48.3% wanted to breastfed as long as the baby wanted. The mothers pointed out that the difficult problem in breastfeeding was insufficient breastfeeding room in public areas. What mothers want to know related to breastfeeding was, breastfeeding duration, time to begin solid food and recommended amounts, time to discontinue breastfeeding at sleep time and appropriate methods.
CONCLUSION
Mothers' experience in breastfeeding was positive. We should provide mothers a comfortable place in public areas for breastfeeding. Based on the result of the study it's propose that health professionals must intervene in breast care during both antepartum and early postpartum periods.

Purpose
This study was performed to compare the difference of maternal attachment and the maternal role confidence between mother who feeds the child with mother's milk in sanitary pack by a nurse instead of her and mother who feeds the child with artificial milk. Methods: The subjects of this study consisted of mothers of premature baby who was in NICU and can not be fed with mother's milk directly. In the sample, 21 mothers were the breast feeding group and 20 were the bottle feeding group. Data were collected from April 3, 2004 to November 2, 2005, and were analyzed using SPSS WIN 10.0. Results: The degree of maternal attachment and maternal role confidence of the breast milk feeding group was higher than that of the bottle feeding group. In accordance with general characteristics, the difference was found in maternal attachment and maternal role confidence both breast feeding group and bottle feeding group.
Conclusion
More systematic nursing mediation is required for the lactation of mother's milk in sanitary pack is planned to do positive interaction between mother and the child, which has an influence on the formation of maternal attachment and the of maternal role confidence after hospitalization.