Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify whether individualized distraction intervention using a smart phone affected pre-op anxiety of children.
Methods
This was a nonequivalent control group pre-post test quasi-experimental design. The participants were 30 children in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. In experimental group, a smart phone individualized distraction intervention was given to children from the reception area to the operation room.
Results
For heart rate, there were no statistically significant differences between the experimental group and control group. In the behavioral anxiety response, there were statistically significant differences between the experimental group and control group (t = -3.11, p = .003).
Conclusion
The finding suggest that, for pre-op children, the individualized distraction intervention using a smart phone had some significance as a nursing intervention having a positive impact. Such interventions can help pediatric nurses to relieve pre-op anxiety and improve health of children in their care.

Citations

• Intervention to Reduce Anxiety Pre- and Post-Eye Surgery in Pediatric Patients in South Korea: A Preliminary Quasi-Experimental Study
  Hyeran Yi, Hanna Lee
  Children.2022; 9(1): 65.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to provide a critical assessment of evidence-based Korean pediatric research that can inform clinical practicability of, and future research on distraction interventions for pediatric procedural pain management.
METHODS
A critical review of evidence-based Korean pediatric research was conducted. Databases were searched to identify research that included an evaluation of a distraction intervention as an intervention for pediatric procedural pain management. The search yielded 68 studies.
RESULTS
From these studies, 14 were included for this review and all were recently published (2003-2014). Quasi experimental designs were most frequently used (n=12) and for 71.4% the focus was preschoolers. Audiovisual techniques were the most common form of distraction. In most studies clinical utility of the distraction intervention was not examined. Fairly consistent reductions in behavioral measures of pain in association with the distraction intervention were found but less consistent results were found for physiological measures.
CONCLUSION
Lack of methodological rigor limits the evidence for distraction interventions to reduce pain and fear experienced by children during painful procedures. Further research to analyze the cost and time-effectiveness and to identify consumer and provider satisfaction with distraction interventions is needed to determine whether distraction interventions are clinically relevant.

Citations

• Effect of Distraction Intervention for Needle-Related Pain and Distress in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Mi-Kyoung Cho, Mi-Young Choi
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(17): 9159.     CrossRef
• RETRACTED: Smartphone Interventions Effect in Pediatric Subjects on the Day of Surgery: A Meta-Analysis
  Li Li, Jianping Ma, Dan Ma, Xiaokang Zhou
  Frontiers in Surgery.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• An Integrative Review of Korean Nursing Studies on Pediatric Tonsillectomy
  Kyoung Eun Yu, Jin Sun Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(4): 416.     CrossRef
• Effects of Active and Passive Distraction Intervention on Pain Responses of Preschool Children during Immunization
  Eun-Seon Im, Jin-Sun Kim
  The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.2016; 16(12): 102.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Smart Phone Individualized Distraction Intervention on Anxiety in Pre-Op Pediatric Patients
  Kyoung-A Lee, Mi-Kyung Kwon, Hae-Won Kim, Ji-Eun Lim, Chang-Ok Pyo, Chan-Sook Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2015; 21(2): 168.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on pain of distraction with an operating doll in preschool children(3-6 years old) during an IV catheter insertion.
METHOD
The research design was a nonequivalent control group posttest design, and the participants were 22 children in the experimental group, and 23 children in the control group. The children were hospitalized for enteritis and pharyngitis in a university hospital. The subjective pain was measured using FACES Pain Rating Scale by self report, and the pain behavior responses were scored using Procedure Behavior Check List by observing a film of the entire procedure, and changes in pulse and oxygen saturation as the physiological pain responses were measured by pulse oximeter. Data were analyzed with the SPSS Win 10.0 program.
RESULT
The degree of subjective pain, pain behavior responses, and changes in pulse during IV catheter insertion were significantly lower in the experimental group. But there was no significant difference in O2 saturation between the two groups.
CONCLUSION
Distraction using an operating doll was effective in decreasing pain during inserting the IV catheter in preschool children.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of distraction with a cell phone on pain and fear during venipuncture procedures in hospitalized preschool children.
METHOD
Fifty four preschool children, ages 3-6, were recruited from one university affiliated hospital in Daegu. Participants were assigned to the control group (n= 27) to receive usual care or the intervention group (n=27) to receive distraction plus usual care. The FACE scale was used to assess children's pain, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) to assess each mothers' perceptions of her child's pain. For assessment of fear, the Procedure Behavioral Checklist developed by Lebaron and Zeltzer was used.
RESULTS
Results show that children in the intervention group demonstrated significantly lower pain scores on FACE (t=2.19, p<.03) as rated by the children and on VAS (t=2.78, p<.01) as rated by their mothers. Children in the intervention group also had significantly lower fear scores (t=2.30, p<.02) as rated by the researcher.
CONCLUSION
Distraction with cell phone for relieving pain and fear during venipuncture procedure was effective for these hospitalized preschool children.

PURPOSE
This study was done to evaluate the effects of distraction using balloon art on pain experienced by preschool children when undergoing an intravenous injection. METHODS: Participants were 40 hospitalized preschool children. Children in the experimental group (20) were distracted by balloon art while undergoing an intravenous injection. Children in the control group (20) received regular care. Pain experienced by the children was measured using self-report, observation tools, heart rate and oxygen saturation. The data were analyzed using the SAS program.
RESULTS
Compared with the control group, children in the experimental group showed significant difference in pain as shown by pulse rate. However, children in the experimental group did not show a decrease in pain in the self-report or behavior observation when compared with children in the control group.
CONCLUSION
Distraction using balloon art can be used to reduce pain for preschool children when undergoing an intravenous injection. Further nursing interventions need to be developed and provided to preschool children when undergoing painful procedures.

PURPOSE
This study was done to identify the effects of distraction generated by character on the reduction of intravenous injection pain.
METHOD
This study was conducted using a quasi experimental non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. Sixty preschool children who were admitted to the pediatric department in a C university hospital were selected and were assigned. by convenience assignment to the experimental or control group. The two groups were homogeneous for demographic characteristics.
RESULTS
In the experimental group, objective pain(t=3.666, p=.001), subjective pain (t=3.415, p=.001) and perceived pain by the mother(t=2.528, p=0.014) decreased after the intravenous injections as compared to the control group. There were no statistical significant differences in pulse rate or fear between the experimental and the control group. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that using character stamp and stickers could be considered as an independent nursing intervention for reduction of intravenous injection pain in preschooler.