Purpose
This study aimed to examine whether perceived parental alienation mediates the relationship between parental and adolescent depressive symptoms, and, if so, whether parents’ subjective health moderates this indirect effect.
Methods
This cross-sectional study utilized secondary data from the 2021 wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children, enrolling 541 parent–child dyads. Parental depression was measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-6, a self-rated health item, the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children, and a 6-item perceived alienation scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and variance inflation factor checks were conducted, followed by mediation and moderated mediation analyses using PROCESS Models 4 and 7 with 10,000 bootstraps in IBM SPSS ver. 27.0.
Results
Parental depression did not directly predict adolescent depression (B=.02, t=.87) but was significantly related to perceived alienation (B=.16, p<.001), which in turn predicted higher adolescent depression (B=.20, p<.001). The indirect effect of alienation was also significant (B=.039; 95% confidence interval, 0.005–0.066). Subjective health moderated the depression–alienation link (interaction B=.19, p<.001), with stronger indirect effects observed among parents with better health.
Conclusion
Parental depression symptoms indirectly increase adolescent depression through perceived alienation, particularly when parents viewed their health positively. These results suggest that interventions targeting parental mental health and fostering open-family communication may help reduce adolescent depression.

Purpose
This study is descriptive research aiming to identify factors influencing the stigma experienced by college students with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), focusing on COVID-19 pandemic stress, depression, and fear of negative evaluation as the main variables.
Methods
An online survey was administered to 175 college students who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 from January to May 2022 and were enrolled in universities in Seoul, Cheongju, and Daegu, South Korea. The survey collected data on pandemic stress, depression, fear of negative evaluation, and stigma. The data were analyzed using the t-test, ANOVA, the Scheffé test, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression in SPSS/WIN 26.0.
Results
We analyzed differences in stigma scores based on general characteristics of the college students and found significant differences in stigma scores by age, major satisfaction, interpersonal satisfaction, date of COVID-19 confirmation, treatment modality, and recent subjective health condition. Factors influencing stigmatization were identified as COVID-19 pandemic stress, depression, date of COVID-19 confirmation, treatment modality, recent subjective health condition, and major satisfaction, with an overall explanatory power of 37.6%.
Conclusion
This study is significant as it identifies emotional changes across various aspects of pandemic stress, depression, fear of negative evaluation, and stigma among college students who have been diagnosed with COVID-19. The findings of this study suggest the development of programs to reduce psychological distress and enhance mental health management skills among these students.

Purpose
The study investigated the relationships between key variables, including the level of parenting knowledge, acculturative stress, depression, and the strengths and difficulties associated with their children’s emotions and behavior, among North Korean refugee mothers who faced the challenging task of adapting to Korean society while raising their children.
Methods
A descriptive study design was used. Data were collected from 130 North Korean refugee mothers between September and November 2023.
Results
The participants had very limited parenting knowledge, and 82.3% of them scored 21 or higher on the depression scale used in community epidemiological studies. Higher levels of parenting knowledge and lower levels of depression were associated with lower levels of acculturative stress. Moreover, higher levels of depression were associated with more emotional and behavioral difficulties in children. Maternal depression, age, and employment status were identified as factors that influenced emotional and behavioral problems in preschool-aged children.
Conclusion
These findings underscore the importance of providing parent education and mental health support programs for North Korean refugee families in order to improve parents' parenting skills and emotional well-being.

Citations

• A Phenomenological Study on the Perceived Quality of Life Among Older Female North Korean Refugees in South Korea
  Myeonghee Kim, Soochan Choi, Jeongsu Lim
  Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies.2025; : 1.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study investigated the relationship between allergic diseases, general anxiety disorder, and depressive symptoms among Korean adolescents.
Methods
A secondary analysis was conducted on the findings of the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2022). The study included 51,850 adolescents and analyzed the relationships among allergic diseases, general anxiety disorder, and depressive symptoms using complex samples logistic regression analysis.
Results
Among the Korean adolescents, 12.7% experienced general anxiety disorder, while 28.7% experienced depressive symptoms. The prevalence of allergic diseases was 5.7% for asthma, 36.3% for allergic rhinitis, and 22.2% for atopic dermatitis. General anxiety disorder was associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis but not atopic dermatitis. Depressive symptoms were associated asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis.
Conclusion
Examining the correlation among allergic diseases, general anxiety disorder, and depressive symptoms in adolescents underscores the need for implementing suitable strategies. Moreover, when addressing general anxiety disorder and depressive symptoms in adolescents, it becomes crucial to consider the presence of allergic diseases.

Citations

• Association between allergic diseases and mental health conditions: An umbrella review
  Xianpeng Xu, Sha Li, Yingjie Chen, Xinxing Deng, Jiongke Li, Dajing Xiong, Hui Xie
  Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.2025; 155(3): 701.     CrossRef
• Association of Allergic Conditions with Adolescent Sleep Duration: A National Survey
  Hyeseon Choi, Eunju Seo, Jinju Woo
  Children.2025; 12(10): 1356.     CrossRef
• Stress mediates the association between atopic dermatitis and sleep duration in Korean adults
  Sang Hoon Yun, Donghyo Lee, Yoon Jae Lee, In-Hyuk Ha, Ye-Seul Lee
  Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
This study investigated the physical and emotional health of South Korean mothers of preterm infants in the early postpartum period.
Methods
In this descriptive correlational study, the participants included 91 mothers of preterm infants who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in South Korea. Physical health status was measured using a self-reported questionnaire, postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, anxiety using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and guilt using a 4-item scale.
Results
Fatigue had the highest score among mothers' physical health problems, followed by shoulder pain, nipple pain, neck pain. The average postpartum depression score was 11.02 points, and 44% of women had postpartum depression with a score of 12 or above. Postpartum depression significantly was correlated with physical health (r=.35, p=.001), anxiety (r=.84, p<.001), and guilt (r=.75, p<.001) and was significantly higher for women with multiple births, and preterm infants who required ventilator and antibiotic treatment. Anxiety also showed a significant difference according to preterm infants’ condition.
Conclusion
The significant correlations between postpartum depression and physical health, anxiety, and guilt indicate a need for nursing interventions that provide integrated management of mothers’ physical and emotional health.

Citations

• Physical Problems, Fatigue, and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Experienced by Women in the First 48 Hours of Postpartum Period
  Yasemin Erkal Aksoy, Bihter Akin, Sema Dereli Yilmaz
  Nursing & Health Sciences.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Extending the concept of moral distress to parents of infants hospitalized in the NICU: a qualitative study in Greece
  Polychronis Voultsos, Maria Arabatzi, Maria Deligianni, Alexandra K. Tsaroucha
  BMC Psychology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Factors associated with posttraumatic stress and anxiety among the parents of babies admitted to neonatal care: a systematic review
  Reem Malouf, Sian Harrison, Victoria Pilkington, Charles Opondo, Chris Gale, Alan Stein, Linda S. Franck, Fiona Alderdice
  BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
This study investigated the factors that influence depression in adolescents diagnosed with asthma in South Korea, providing basic data supporting efforts to improve adolescents' mental health.
Methods
Multiple regression analysis was conducted on 4,020 subjects who had been diagnosed with lifelong asthma among the 57,303 respondents to the 15th Korea Youth Risk Behaviour Web-Based Survey from 2019.
Results
The participants were more likely to have depression if they were female, in middle school, their academic achievement was poor, they were drinkers or smokers, if they felt a very high amount of stress, and if they experienced very inadequate recovery from fatigue. Adolescents with asthma were 9.00 times more likely to experience depression when they felt a very high amount of stress (95% confidence interval [CI]= 5.51-14.69, p<.001) than when they felt no stress.
Conclusion
Given these factors, measures to improve the mental health of adolescents should be developed and expanded, especially to decrease their stress levels. A separate program that is different from the school's regular health curriculum should be developed to manage the stress levels of adolescents with asthma, such as an after-school program or a program conducted at a local community centre.

Citations

• Digital equity in nursing research: A methodological review of nursing studies requiring internet connection
  Matthew S. Farmer, Drew Herbert, Christa Torrisi, Arthur Zacharjasz, Gerard Castaneda, Takara Schomberg, Michelle Dardis, Nicole Montgomery, Mary E. Melvin
  Nursing Outlook.2026; 74(1): 102667.     CrossRef
• Symptoms of Depression and Inhaler Adherence Among Adolescents With Asthma: Is There an Association?
  K. H. Naveen, Prawin Kumar, Prem Prakash Sharma, Akhil Dhanesh Goel, Jitender Aneja, Manoj Kumar Gupta, Pankaja Raghav, Naveen Dutt
  Pediatric Pulmonology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Changes in Daily life due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Mental Health Status in Korean Adolescents
  Taeseok Kang, Sangjin Kim, Eunseo Kim, Jinhyeong Kim, Jihoon Yoon, Donggeun Lee, Jeesoo Lee, Mi Ah Han
  Psychiatric Quarterly.2024; 95(3): 469.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)-based emotional regulation program for mothers of premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
Methods
The study utilized a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Seventeen mothers were recruited for the experimental group and 21 mothers for the control group. Data were collected from July 9, 2018, to Oct 12, 2018 from mothers of premature infants in the NICU regarding parental stress, state anxiety, depression, and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation. The experimental group received eight sessions of the REBT-based emotional regulation program for 3-4 weeks, and the control group only received standard nursing care.
Results
Significant differences were found between the two groups in maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation (Z=-3.88, p<.001), stress (Z=-2.76, p=.006), state anxiety (Z=-3.72, p<.001), and postpartum depression(Z=-2.62, p=.009) after the intervention in the experimental group.
Conclusion
The REBT-based emotional regulation program for mothers of premature infants was effective for reducing maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation, stress, anxiety, and postpartum depression. Therefore, it may be necessary to provide an REBT-based emotional regulation program for mothers of premature infants in the NICU in clinical practice.

Citations

• Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for parents with preterm infants: A commentary on a systematic review
  Victoria Gray, Jay Thomas, Marilena Hadjittofi, Natalie Holman, James Edward Hill, Catherine Harris
  Journal of Family and Child Health.2025; 2(12): 533.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions on the psychological outcomes of parents with preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Sian Hui Chan, Shefaly Shorey
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2024; 74: 23.     CrossRef
• Predicting Children’s Mental Well-Being During COVID-19 Pandemic Based on Maternal Cognitive Emotion Regulation
  Delaram Dehnashi
  Psychology and Behavioral Sciences.2024; 13(5): 129.     CrossRef
• PREDICTING CHILDREN’S MENTAL WELL-BEING DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC BASED ON MATERNAL COGNITIVE EMOTION REGULATION
  Delaram Dehnash
  ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Fordyce happiness training program on the competence of mothers of premature infants admitted to the NICU from Middle East: A quasi-experimental study
  Fereshteh Ghaljaei, Marie Hastings-Tolsma, Nasrin Rezaee
  Pediatrics & Neonatology.2023; 64(5): 512.     CrossRef
• Identifying the common elements of psychological and psychosocial interventions for preventing postpartum depression: Application of the distillation and matching model to 37 winning protocols from 36 intervention studies
  Yuping Lin, Xiangchun Zhang, Tianchun Zhou, Feng Xu, Xinli Zhu, Huixin Zhou, Xiao Wang, Yan Ding
  Early Intervention in Psychiatry.2023; 17(10): 947.     CrossRef
• Mindfulness Intervention Improves Coping and Perceptions of Children’s Behavior among Families with Elevated Risk
  Jill T. Krause, Samantha M. Brown
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2023; 20(23): 7092.     CrossRef
• The effect of Mindful Parenting Training on Parent–Child Interactions, Parenting Stress, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Mothers of Preschool Children
  Zahra Bondar kakhki, Ali Mashhadi, Seyed Amir Amin Yazdi, Shirin Saleh
  Journal of Child and Family Studies.2022; 31(11): 3113.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore the structure of variables in studies related to unmarried mothers (UMs) based on Neuman's systems model, and the stressors and stress responses of UMs.
Methods
Whittemore and Knafl’s methodology for integrative reviews was applied. The literature was searched using five electronic databases (KISS, KMbase, KoreaMed, NDSL, and RISS) and a total of 99 variables were collected from 15 studies published between 2009 and 2019.
Results
The main stressors for UMs were a sense of loss and burden caused by childbirth and childrearing. The main stress responses were parenting stress and depression, respectively. Within the basic structure of variables related to UMs, self-esteem played a crucial role by helping UMs adapt to their situation. Meanwhile, social support of UMs was significantly correlated with parenting stress, depression, and self-esteem.
Conclusion
In order to understand UMs' stress, is necessary to explore their sense of loss, burden, and self-esteem. Furthermore, it is important to assess the level of parenting stress and depression of UMs and to provide effective interventions to alleviate these stressors. The results of this study provide useful knowledge that can be applied to nursing assessment and interventions for stress management in UMs.

Citations

• Change in self-construal: a repertory grid technique study of women admitted to a Mother and Baby Unit
  Eleanor E. Wozniak, Dougal Julian Hare, Lynsey Gregg, Anja Wittkowski
  Frontiers in Psychiatry.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of a natural wellness group program using interactive real-time video for unmarried mothers: A quasi-experimental study
  Kyung-Sook Bang, Sungjae Kim, Sinyoung Choi, Gumhee Lee, Misook Kim, Da-Ae Shin, Jan Christopher Cwik
  PLOS ONE.2023; 18(4): e0284340.     CrossRef
• Effects of emotion coaching group programme for mothers of preschool children with smart device overdependence: a mixed methods study
  Gumhee Lee, Sungjae Kim
  BMC Nursing.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Intervention Studies on the Enhancement of Self-Concept Among Adolescent Mothers: A Systematic Review
  Kyung-Sook Bang, Sungjae Kim, Gumhee Lee, Yeseul Jeong, Da-ae Shin, Misook Kim
  Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health .2022; 60(3): 31.     CrossRef
• Factors Related to Smartphone Overdependence in Mothers of Preschoolers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Gumhee Lee, Eunjin Yang
  Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health .2022; 60(3): 40.     CrossRef
• The experience of unmarried mothers raising their children in residential facilities: a phenomenological qualitative study
  Sungjae Kim, Kyung-Sook Bang, Yeseul Jeong, Gumhee Lee, Da-Ae Shin, Misook Kim
  BMC Women's Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Role of community health nurse in the prevention of elderly dehydration
  Mostafa SHABAN, Huda Hamdy MOHAMMED, Sahar Hassan
  Journal of Integrative Nursing.2022; 4(3): 166.     CrossRef
• The Development of a Health Promotion Program for Unmarried Mothers Living in Residential Facilities Using Urban Forests: An Intervention Mapping Approach Based on the Transtheoretical Model
  Kyung-Sook Bang, Sungjae Kim, Gumhee Lee, Sinyoung Choi, Da-Ae Shin, Misook Kim
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(16): 8684.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a positive psychology-based mental health promotion program for high school students.
Methods
This study used a randomized control group pretest-posttest design. A total of 47 high school students participated from two high schools in Gyeonggi Province. They were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=24), which participated in the 8-session program, or to a control group (n=23). Psychological well-being, depression, and self-esteem were measured.
Results
A significant difference in psychological well-being was observed between the two groups after the program. However, there were no significant between-group differences in depression or self-esteem.
Conclusion
The positive psychology-based mental program was effective at increasing psychological well-being in adolescents, especially high school students. This study suggests that a school curriculum could incorporate positive psychology-based mental programs for high school students to promote their mental health.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of eating disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, with the goal of providing data in support of nursing interventions to improve their health.
Methods
A total of 136 adolescents aged 13-18 years with type 1 diabetes completed the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II, using structured self-reported questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using the t-test, x² test, and binominal logistic regression with SPSS version 23.0 for Windows.
Results
The prevalence of eating disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes was 39%. Four significant predictors of eating disorders were identified; absence of body satisfaction (odds ratio [OR]=3.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.55~9.65), depression (OR=2.87, 95% CI=1.13~7.28), female gender (OR=2.67, 95% CI=1.09~6.54), and glycosylated hemoglobin type A1c levels (OR=1.47, 95% CI=1.10~1.97).
Conclusion
In order to prevent eating disorders among adolescents with type 1 diabetes, programs for managing adolescents’ depression and improving their body satisfaction should be developed. Futhermore, more attention should be directed towards programs aiming to prevent eating disorders in female adolescents.

Citations

• Validity and Reliability of a Korean Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised
  Hye-Ryeon Park, So Yeon Park, Jaeyoung Lee, Hyeon Ok Ju
  Asian Nursing Research.2025; 19(3): 220.     CrossRef
• Diabetes-specific eating disorder and social exclusion in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
  Harun Özbey, Meral Bayat, İrem Kalkan, Nihal Hatipoğlu
  International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Co.2024; 44(1): 122.     CrossRef
• Eating disorders between male and female adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Korea
  Hye-Ryeon Park, Na-Geong Kim
  Belitung Nursing Journal.2022; 8(6): 505.     CrossRef
• Impact of Body Mass Index on Eating Disorders in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Focusing on Mediating Effect of Body Dissatisfaction, Self-esteem, and Depression
  Hye-Ryeon Park, Hyeon Ok Ju
  Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2021; 25(2): 121.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study was conducted to determine the influence of ego-identity, parenting efficacy, and stress coping style on depression in mothers of toddlers.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study. Data were collected from 164 mothers of toddlers, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS for Windows version 24.0.
Results
The factors influencing depression in mothers of toddlers included ego-identity, economic status, and perceived health status. These variables explained 60.0% of depression in mothers of toddlers.
Conclusion
Lower ego-identity was associated with more intense depression. Therefore, healthcare providers should develop intervention programs that can improve ego-identity to decrease depression among mothers of toddlers.

Citations

• Factors influencing children’s emotional and behavioral problems perceived by North Korean refugee mothers: a descriptive study
  In-Sook Lee, Jeong-Hee Jeon
  Child Health Nursing Research.2024; 30(2): 129.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Changes in Parenting Behavior during Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
  Mi-Ra Kim, Sun-Mi Chae
  Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2022; 26(2): 80.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the status of caffeine-containing energy drink consumption among Korean nursing students and to identify associated psychological factors.
Methods
In total, 187 Korean nursing students participated in this cross-sectional study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to identify participants' general characteristics and psychosocial factors (self-esteem, academic stress, depression, and college adjustment) associated with energy drink consumption. Data were analyzed with SPSS using descriptive statistics, the x2 test, the t-test, and logistic regression.
Results
More than two-thirds (73.3%) of the participants had consumed energy drinks. Among the investigated psychological factors, depression appeared to most strongly influence energy drink consumption behaviors in this population.
Conclusion
The consumption of caffeine-containing energy drinks was found to be common among nursing students preparing to become health care professionals; depressed nursing students were more likely to have consumed energy drinks than non-depressed students. Nursing educators should emphasize the early detection of unhealthy beverage consumption habits and provide appropriate education to enhance healthy behaviors in future health care professionals.

Citations

• Quantification of Caffeine in Energy and Cola Drinks via Rapid High Performance Liquid Chromatography Assays with Ultra Violet Diode Array Detection
  Christopher E. Karlsen, Jake A. Cravino, Arianne Soliven, Peter J. Mahon, Feng Li, R. Andrew Shalliker
  Beverages.2025; 11(2): 39.     CrossRef
• Comparative Study of Middle and High School Students on the Relationship between High-Caffeine Drinks and Mental Health
  Jeeyeon PARK, Haesun YUN
  Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2025; 25(1): 29.     CrossRef
• Exploring perception types regarding the effects of energy drink consumption among South Korean male adolescents: a Q-methodology study
  Sun Jung Park, Eun Ju Choi
  Child Health Nursing Research.2025; 31(4): 211.     CrossRef
• Energy Drink Knowledge, Consumption, and Regulation Support Among Polish Medical and Non-Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Paulina Mularczyk-Tomczewska, Tytus Koweszko, Julia Koperdowska, Ewelina Adamska, Andrzej Silczuk
  Nutrients.2025; 17(21): 3430.     CrossRef
• Caffeine and high energy drink use and knowledge by nurses in three countries
  Kathryn E. Phillips, Younhee Kang, Sook Jung Kang, Cristian Girotto, Joyce J. Fitzpatrick
  Applied Nursing Research.2021; 58: 151414.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting the experience of depression in school-aged children from multicultural families.
Methods
Data from 1,812 school-aged children of multicultural families were collected from the 2015 National Multicultural Family Survey. Logistic regression was conducted based on complex sample analysis using SAS 9.4.
Results
Significant predictors for experiencing depression were lower self-esteem, lower Korean proficiency, less time spent conversing with the father, lower degree of parental interest, poorer school adjustment, greater difficulties with schoolwork, and experiencing violence at school.
Conclusion
This study showed that factors related to the individual, family, and school environment influenced the experience of depression. Based on a consideration of these factors, it is necessary to develop an effective program to prevent depression by establishing high-risk criteria for depression.

Citations

• The characteristics of WM in individuals with depressive tendencies: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study
  Meixiang Yang, Qinling Xie, Wenjing Xiong, Fei Xu, Meina Zhang, Men Wei
  Brain and Cognition.2024; 180: 106206.     CrossRef
• Stress Factors in Multicultural Adolescents
  Mi-Jin Kim, Jin-Hee Park, Sung-Eun Kim
  Adolescents.2022; 2(2): 326.     CrossRef
• The Mental Health of Ethnic Minority Youths in South Korea and Its Related Environmental Factors: A Literature Review
  Yeeun Lee, Minji Lee, Subin Park
  Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolesc.2019; 30(3): 88.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine the association between each phase of the Life Transition Process (LTP) and depressive symptoms among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Methods
Using a cross-sectional study design, data pertaining to LTP and depressive symptoms were collected from 285 parents of children with ASD (101 fathers and 184 mothers). Participants were recruited through the Autism Society of Korea and a counseling center for families of children with ASD.
Results
Using a cut-off point of 5 or higher on the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form, more than half of the parents (53.4%) were deemed depressed; these parents experienced moderate (27.4%) to severe (11.6%) levels of depressive symptoms. A hierarchical multiple regression using the socio-demographic characteristics of children and parents and each phase of the LTP as predictors, found that lower income (β=-.14, p=.007) and greater scores for the wandering phase (β=.59, p<.001) were significant predictors of greater levels of depressive symptoms.
Conclusion
These findings confirm the association between LTP and depressive symptoms for parents of children with ASD, who were found to have a greater risk of depressive symptoms during wandering phase.

Citations

• Global prevalence of depression in caregivers of children with autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Xin Rong Lam, Ling Jie Cheng, Celest Su Yi Leo, Zheng An Toh, Hong-Gu He
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2025; 80: e74.     CrossRef
• An Integrated Review of The Factors Influencing Aggression in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
  Miran Jung, Yeong Seon Hong
  Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Menta.2022; 31(2): 125.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study was done to examine whether depression, self-esteem, and social support influence suicidal ideation among college students.
Methods
Using a correlation study design, participants were recruited from two universities selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected from June 1, to August 31, 2014 from the 206 participants included in the study. The data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 18.0.
Results
There was a significant correlation between depression, self esteem, social support, and suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation was negatively correlated with self-esteem (r=-.64, p<.001) and social support (r=-.45, p<.001), while, suicidal ideation showed a positive correlation with depression (r=.69, p<.001). The significant predictors related to suicidal ideation were depression, self-esteem, and social support.
Conclusion
Findings indicate that sensitively assessing depression in college students and efforts to reduce depression can reduce the risk of suicide. Self-esteem and social support of college students are also important resources for suicide prevention.

Citations

• Clinically validated depression dataset aligned with DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD)
  Jaedong Oh, Jooyoung Lim, Hayoung Oh
  Expert Systems with Applications.2026; 296: 128691.     CrossRef
• Experiences of Adolescent Suicide Attempters and their Parents in Isfahan, Iran: A Phenomenological Study
  Athar Izadi, Mahrokh Keshvari
  Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research.2025; 30(3): 302.     CrossRef
• ‘SHAPING’ The Response to Students at-Risk: Suicidal Thoughts, Self-Harm Behavior, Past Suicide Attempts and Help-Seeking Preferences Among Students in an Irish College
  Louise Doyle, Brian Keogh, Lucia Nwabueze, Nina Slingerland, Aviejay Paul, Ciaran Carr, Chuck Rashleigh
  Journal of College Student Mental Health.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
• Endogenous Oxytocin and Depressive Symptoms in Drug Abstainers: The Roles of Perceived Social Support and Drug Abstinence Self-Efficacy
  Qingqi Zhang, Bingtao Zhou, Xiaoqian Liu, Da Yi, Ai Ma, Yumeng Liu, Ke Qi
  Psychology Research and Behavior Management.2025; Volume 18: 2193.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Suicide Ideation of College Freshmen: A Cross-sectional Study
  Tae Kyun Gwon, Hee Sook Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Menta.2025; 34(4): 440.     CrossRef
• The relationship between physical activity and college students' perceived social support: The mediating role of social–emotional competence and its gender differences
  Junwen Shu, Zhaojun Chen, Bingbing Zhong, Zifan Ding, Shaohua Tang, Zongchen Sun, Yuan Gao, Hangzhi Zhou, Guanghao Cao, Chong Liu, Chunlei Zhang, Yanfeng Han, Hao Chen, Chungui Hu, Chencheng Wang, Jun Yan
  Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Resilience and social support as protective factors against suicidal ideation among tertiary students during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study
  Špela Selak, Nuša Crnkovič, Andrej Šorgo, Branko Gabrovec, Katarina Cesar, Mark Žmavc
  BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Influencing factors of resilience of dental hygiene students
  Hee-Hong Min, Hye-Jin Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health.2022; 46(1): 40.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Correlational Factors of Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts Among Chinese Adolescents
  Yan Yan, Xiaosong Gai
  Frontiers in Psychology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The effect of resilient counseling on the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls in Hamadan, Iran, 2018: A clinical trial
  Narges Babakhani, SeyedehZahra Masoumi, Batoul Khodakarami, Hossein Mohagheghi, Maryam Farhadian
  Nursing and Midwifery Studies.2022; 11(3): 198.     CrossRef
• Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence: Prevalence, Risk, and Resiliency in Undergraduate Students
  Lindsey A. Snaychuk, Melanie L. O’Neill
  Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma.2020; 29(8): 984.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Acculturative Stress, Career Stress, and Social Support on Depression in Korean International Students in China
  Ah Ra Lee, Hye Kyung Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nurs.2020; 31(1): 96.     CrossRef
• Mediating Effects of Interpersonal Problems in the Relationship between Social Network Service Use Tendency and Depression among University Students
  Min-Jeong Park, Mi Young Chung
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nurs.2019; 30(1): 38.     CrossRef
• Relationships among Lifestyle, Depression, Anxiety, and Reproductive Health in Female University Students
  Ju-Hee Nho, Sung-Hee Yoo
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2018; 24(1): 80.     CrossRef
• The relationship between PTSD and suicidality among Wenchuan earthquake survivors: The role of PTG and social support
  Jing Guo, Chengcheng Liu, Dexia Kong, Phyllis Solomon, Mingqi Fu
  Journal of Affective Disorders.2018; 235: 90.     CrossRef
• Effect of Self-Esteem, Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Well-Being on Resilience in Nursing Students
  Young Eun Lee, Eunyoung Kim, Sun Young Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(3): 385.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to examine levels of temperament, parent-child attachment and depression of adolescents and verify its effects.
METHODS
Surveys were conducted with 500 students from two middle schools, one located in Seoul and one in Gyeonggi Province. Adolescent temperament was measured using the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory, parent-child attachment using the Revised Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment and depression using the Children's Depression Inventory. Cluster, t-test, correlation and logistic regression were used for data analysis.
RESULTS
Characteristics of temperament were classified into 2 groups. The 'Adaptation vulnerable group' showed high Harm Avoidance and the 'Adaptation protective group' showed high Reward Dependence, and Patience. The 'Adaptation vulnerable group' showed lower attachment and higher depression than the 'Adaptation protective group'. Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance correlated positively with depression and negatively with attachment. Students with higher levels of attachment reported lower levels of depression. The logistic regression analysis showed that the 'Adaptation vulnerable group' was 2.16 times more likely to be affected by depression than 'Adaptation protective group'.
CONCLUSION
Results of this study can be used to develop depression intervention programs for adolescent psychological health and provide encouragement in the development of parent-child attachment.

Citations

• Undergraduate Students' Parental Attachment and Attitude toward Seeking Professional Help for Mental Health Problems: Mediating Effects of Depressive Vulnerability
  Chung Hee Woo, Nam Yi Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Menta.2021; 30(1): 67.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to identify the effects of life stress and depression in undergraduates on suicidal ideation.
METHODS
The participants in this study were 306 nursing students from three different cities. Collected data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression.
RESULTS
The mean score for life stress was 48.48, for depression, 28.59, and for suicidal ideation, 5.90. There were positive relationships between depression and life stress, suicidal ideation and life stress, and suicidal ideation and depression. The four factors of life stress, depression, school life, and gender were identified as factors influencing on suicidal ideation in undergraduates.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study indicate that the establishment of mental health care centers in universities, and development and implementation of nursing intervention programs for suicide prevention would be helpful.

Citations

• Effects of Daily Stress in Mental State Classification
  Soyeon Park, Suh-Yeon Dong
  IEEE Access.2020; 8: 201360.     CrossRef
• Do Addictive Behaviors Matter for College Students’ Depression and Suicidal Ideation?
  Soo Mi Jang, Seunghye Hong
  International Journal of Mental Health and Addicti.2018; 16(5): 1095.     CrossRef
• Economic Stress, Depression, Suicidal Ideation, Resilience, and Social Support in College Students
  Yongmi Lee, So Young Pak, Mi Jeong Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Menta.2017; 26(2): 151.     CrossRef
• International Students’ Use of a University Health Center
  Jin Hee An, Youngmee Ahn, Seong-Ill Woo, Mi Roung Song, Min Sohn
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(1): 29.     CrossRef
• The Mediating Effect of Stress Coping Type and Self-esteem between Life Stress and Suicidal Ideation in Nursing College Students
  Pil-Nam Park
  Journal of the Korean Society of School Health.2016; 29(1): 1.     CrossRef
• A Study on the Stress, Self-Esteem, Mental-Health and Suicidal-Ideation in Nursing Students
  Ha-Yun Jung, Kyung-Soo Lee
  Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science.2015; 3(2): 328.     CrossRef
• Influences of Psychological Resilience and Self-control on Suicidal Ideation of Undergraduate Students
  SookBin Im, MyoungLyun Heo, Se Young Kim, Hye Young Ahn, Saet Byul Kang, Mi Song Kim, Hea Mee Mun, Sun Ha Park, A Rang Won, Ji Hye Lee, Mi So Cho
  Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Menta.2014; 23(4): 278.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of an empowerment program on nicotine dependency, temptation, self-esteem, and depression for adolescents who smoke.
METHODS
The study design was a quasi-experimental study with a nonequivalent control group, pre-post design. The participants were 49 adolescents who smoked. Twenty-six adolescents were assigned to the experimental group and 23 to the control group. The intervention was conducted twice a week for 6 weeks. Chi-square test, t-test, paired-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
After program, scores for self-esteem (t=5.560, p=.014), were significantly higher and scores for depression (t=-2.111, p=.040) were significantly lower for adolescents in the experimental group compared to adolescents in the control group.
CONCLUSION
The finding indicate that the empowerment group training program was effective in improving self-esteem, and decreasing depression and could be considered as a positive program for smoking cessation for adolescents who smoke.

Citations

• Effects of a Strength Based I-Change Smoking Cessation Program for Smoking Middle School Boys
  Jung Hee Kim, Yeon Hee Choi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2017; 47(2): 164.     CrossRef
• Affecting Nicotine Dependence of Social Psychological Variables in Smoking middle school
  Young-Mun Cho, Mi-Young Woo
  Journal of Digital Convergence.2016; 14(2): 295.     CrossRef
• Efficacy of Smoking Cessation and Prevention Programs by Intervention Methods: A Systematic Review of Published Studies in Korean Journals during Recent 3 Years
  Hye Kyeong Kim, Ji Yeon Park, Eun Joo Kwon, Seung Hee Choi, Han-Ik Cho
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2013; 30(5): 61.     CrossRef
• Pathway Analysis on the Influence of Health Promoting Behavior(HPB) and Depression Cognitive Scale(DCS) on Smoking Cessation Thoughts and Intention to Quit Smoking of College Students who Smoke
  Hee-Jeong Kim, Se-Jin Ju, Gyeong-Suk Kim, Mi-Ok Kim, Yu Mi, Jeong-Hyeon Choi
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperati.2013; 14(4): 1830.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compare self-esteem, perceived life satisfaction, depression and aggression according to the experience of suicidal impulse in adolescents.
METHODS
Data were collected from 249 middle and high school students in J city. The constructed questionnaires included items on self-esteem, perceived life satisfaction, depression and aggression.
RESULTS
Self-esteem, perceive life satisfaction, depression, and aggression differed significantly between the suicidal impulse group and non-suicidal impulse group. The suicidal impulse group experienced lower self-esteem (OR=3.27), higher depression (OR=12.38) and higher aggression (OR=5.72) than the non-suicidal impulse group.
CONCLUSION
The findings indicate that integrated and effective interventions are needed to prevent suicidal attempts by adolescents who had experiences of suicidal impulse. Information on the cognitive, psychological and social characteristics of adolescents must be considered when developing the interventions.

Citations

• The Relationship Between Parental Academic Achievement Pressure, Physical Activity, Self-Esteem, and Body Image Among South Korean Adolescents
  Gun-Soo Han, Jae-Ahm Park
  Adolescents.2024; 4(4): 484.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Subjective Happiness among Korean Adolescent: Analysis of 2014 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Survey
  Han-Na Kim, Jeong-Seon Kim, Seung-Hyun Roh
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperati.2015; 16(11): 7656.     CrossRef
• Suicidal Ideation and Associated Factors by Sex in Adolescents
  Ji-Soo Kim
  The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.2012; 12(12): 261.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was designed to identify mother and infant related factors that influence child-care stress among the mother of newborn infants.
METHODS
Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The data survey was conducted with 957 conveniently selected mothers of infants when they visited a public health center in Seoul to have their children immunized.
RESULTS
The average item score for the Childcare Stress Inventory was 38.03, for the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, 9.31 and for the Degree of Bother Inventory, 23.42. The CSI was positively correlated to EPDS (r=.44, p<.001) and DBI (r=.40, p<.001). Also these two variables explained 30.0% of CSI in infants' mothers.
CONCLUSION
These findings are expected to expand the understanding about postpartum mothers' child-care stress and can contribute to the development of comprehensive interventions based on community health nursing.

Citations

• Relation between Mother’s Taekyo, Prenatal and Postpartum Depression, and Infant’s Temperament and Colic: A Longitudinal Prospective Approach
  Kyung-Sook Bang, Insook Lee, Sungjae Kim, Yunjeong Yi, Iksoo Huh, Sang-Youn Jang, Dasom Kim, Sujin Lee
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2020; 17(20): 7691.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Group-based Parenting Support Program for Infant and Toddler Parents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
  SunHwa Park, Seong-Hi Park, Kyung Ja June
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nurs.2019; 30(3): 377.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in self-competence, social anxiety and depression in upper level primary school children.
METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 180 students in grades 5 or 6 (83 boys and 97 girls). The instruments used for this study were a self-report questionnaire, the Self-Perception Profile for Children, the Revised Social Anxiety Scales for Children (SASC-R) and a Depression Instrument. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression were used with the SPSS/PC ver 12.0 program.
RESULTS
The only gender difference was in depression and girls reported more depression than boys. Social competence showed significantly negative correlations with depression and social anxiety. Gender differences were found in self competence in the prediction of depression and social anxiety.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that there are gender differences in self competence which influence depression and social anxiety. Thus, enhancing self-competence could prevent social anxiety and depression in children but, differences in gender should be considered when developing programs to enhance self-competence.

Citations

• Self‐Competence and Depressive Symptoms in Middle–Late Adolescence: Disentangling the Direction of Effect
  Christine McCauley Ohannessian, Anna Vannucci, Courtney R. Lincoln, Kaitlin M. Flannery, Ashley Trinh
  Journal of Research on Adolescence.2019; 29(3): 736.     CrossRef
• Evaluating the Reliability and Validity of the Children’s Vitality-Relaxation Scale
  Kyung-Sook Bang, Sungjae Kim, Kalevi M. Korpela, Min Kyung Song, Gumhee Lee, Yeseul Jeong
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2019; 16(18): 3369.     CrossRef
• Self-Competence and Depressive Symptom Trajectories during Adolescence
  Anna Vannucci, Christine McCauley Ohannessian
  Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.2018; 46(5): 1089.     CrossRef
• International Students’ Use of a University Health Center
  Jin Hee An, Youngmee Ahn, Seong-Ill Woo, Mi Roung Song, Min Sohn
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(1): 29.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This descriptive correlational study was designed to examine the relationship of attachment security to social anxiety and depression. In addition, the mediating effect of self competency in relation to attachment security and the other variables was investigated.
METHODS
Data were collected from 194 students in grade 5 or 6, and descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and hierachical multiple regression were used with SPSS/PC 12.0 program to analyze the data. The instruments used were Kerns, Klepac and Cole's Security Scale, La Greca & Stones' Revised Social Anxiety Scales for children (SASC-R), Cho and Lee's Korean form of Kovacs' children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and Harter' Self-perception Profile for Children.
RESULTS
There were significantly negative effects between attachment security and the variables, social anxiety and depression. Also, self competency was negatively correlated with social anxiety and depression. Self competency had a significant mediating effect on the relation of social anxiety and depression to attachment security.
CONCLUSION
For the effective management and prevention of social anxiety and depression in school-aged children, programs including strategies to increase self competency should be developed. These programs can increase self competency which has a mediator role between attachment security and the other variables (social anxiety and depression).

Citations

• Self‐Perceived Competence in Mainland China: A Multiwave Longitudinal Examination of Internalizing Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents
  Joseph R. Cohen, Dana M. Sheshko, Alyssa M. Ames, Jami F. Young, Amy P. Hansford, Xiongzhao Zhu, Shuqiao Yao, John R. Z. Abela
  Journal of Research on Adolescence.2015; 25(3): 564.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between parenting stress and depression in mothers of infants and verbal abuse. METHODS: The data for this study was collected from 174 mothers of infants 12 to 48 months old who either used one of two pediatric clinics or one kindergarten. The instruments used for this study were a self-report questionnaire, PSI (Parenting Stress Index Short Form by Abidin), BDI (Beck Depression Instrument) and Verbal Abuse Measure. Regression analysis was the statistical method used for data analysis. RESULTS: The mean score for depression in the mothers was 14.7 (range: 2-35), for parenting stress, 81.86 (range: 44-142), and for verbal abuse, 37.9 (range: 25-79). There were significant positive correlations for depression, parenting stress and verbal abuse in the mothers. Significant factors influencing verbal abuse were child domain, parent-child domain. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that there is a need to design interventions and develop programs for depression management and parenting stress for mothers of infants between 12 and 48 months.

Citations

• Evaluation of a child abuse prevention program for unmarried mothers in South Korea: a single-case experimental design
  Il Tae Park, Won-Oak Oh
  Child Health Nursing Research.2024; 30(3): 187.     CrossRef
• Influence of Parenting Stress on Depression among Single Parents with Preschool Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Focusing on the Moderating Effect of Self-rated Health Status
  RaeHyuck Lee
  STRESS.2023; 31(1): 37.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Changes in Parenting Behavior during Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
  Mi-Ra Kim, Sun-Mi Chae
  Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2022; 26(2): 80.     CrossRef
• Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Parental Stress Scale for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
  Seo Young Park, Jung Ho Kim, Mi Young Jeong, Yun Sung Lee, Jeong Eun Shin, Yeon Jung Lee
  Psychiatry Investigation.2021; 18(12): 1188.     CrossRef
• Parenting Stress and Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese Parents of Children With and Without Oppositional Defiant Disorder: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study
  Ting He, Jinni Su, Yongqiang Jiang, Shaozheng Qin, Peilian Chi, Xiuyun Lin
  Child Psychiatry & Human Development.2020; 51(6): 855.     CrossRef
• The Influence of Ego-identity, Parenting Efficacy and Stress Coping Style on Depression in Mothers of Toddlers
  Hyun-Yi Chai, Mi-Young Choi
  Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(2): 196.     CrossRef
• Relationship of Parents’ Parenting Stress and Their Depression with Their Child’s Happiness
  Sun Ah Lim
  Korean Journal of Child Studies.2018; 39(1): 49.     CrossRef
• Moderating Effects of Mothers’ Affective Parenting on Relationship between Infant Temperament and Maternal Parenting Stress
  Sang Lim Kim, Chang Hyun Park
  The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2017; 28(2): 229.     CrossRef
• The effect of telephone-based cognitive-behavioural therapy on parenting stress: A randomised controlled trial
  Fei Wan Ngai, Paul Wai-Ching Wong, Ka Fai Chung, Kwok Yin Leung
  Journal of Psychosomatic Research.2016; 86: 34.     CrossRef
• An Analysis of Factors Influencing Parenting Stress in Children with Epilepsy
  Mi-na Jang, Heesoon Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(3): 163.     CrossRef
• A Short-Term Longitudinal Study on the Reciprocal Relations between Mothers’ Depression and Their Preschoolers’ Emotional Problems
  Young Eun Chang, Hyo Jeong Han
  Family and Environment Research.2016; 54(5): 551.     CrossRef
• Effects of the Newborn Parenting Program for Marriage Immigrant Primiparas on their Parenting Stress and Mothers’ Role Confidence
  Jinhee Lee, Sangeun Oh
  Korean Journal of Stress Research.2016; 24(3): 220.     CrossRef
• The Relation of Parenting Stress, Anger and Somatization Symptom of Mothers
  Eun-Kyung Kim, Chin Kang Koh
  Korean Journal of Stress Research.2016; 24(3): 151.     CrossRef
• A Longitudinal Study on Mothers' Parenting Stress and Depression: Focused on the Mothers of Developmental Risky Infants Group
  Gyun Hee Kim, Hyun Jung Kim, Wan Jeong Lee
  Journal of Korean Child Care and Education.2014; 10(6): 333.     CrossRef
• An Analysis of Nursing Research on Child Rearing in Korea.
  Dong Won Lee, In Soo Kwon
  Child Health Nursing Research.2014; 20(4): 264.     CrossRef
• Effect of Infant Health Problem, Mother's Depression and Marital Relationship on Infant Abuse in Korea: Mediating Pathway of Marital Relationship
  Kyoung-Eun Kim, Jung-Hyun Choi, Young Hee Kim
  Asian Nursing Research.2014; 8(2): 110.     CrossRef
• Mothers' Parenting Experience of Premature Infants: Q Methodological Approach
  Mi-Young Chon, Eun Sun Ji, Shin-Hwa Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2013; 43(6): 704.     CrossRef
• Parenting Stress in Mothers of Premature Infants.
  Hyun Sook Hwang, Hee Soon Kim, Il Young Yoo, Hyun Sook Shin
  Child Health Nursing Research.2013; 19(1): 39.     CrossRef
• A Study on the Uncertainty and Depression in Mothers of Hospitalized Children
  Kyung Hee Yoo
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing .2013; 19(2): 265.     CrossRef
• Degree of Parenting Stress and Fatigue Perceived by Primary Caregivers of Young Children
  Sun-Jung Park, Kyung-Ah Kang, Sung-Hee Kim, Shin-Jeong Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2012; 18(4): 184.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to evaluate depression in child cancer survivors.
METHODS
The participants in this descriptive research were 103 adolescents who agreed to participate. All of the adolescents were diagnosed as completely cured but remained under follow-up observation as outpatients. A structured questionnaire including the depression scale developed by Shin et al. (1991), a self-esteem scale developed by Rosenberg (1965) and a social support scale developed by Kim & Park (1999), Lee (1997) were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using SPSS.
RESULTS
The mean scores were, for self-esteem, 36.01, for paternal support, 57.21, for maternal support, 59.98, for peer support, 22.19, for teachers support, 21.07 and for depression, 27.95. Scores for depression were significantly different according to academic achievement, satisfaction with appearances, diagnosis and prognosis. Depression was negatively correlated with self-esteem, paternal support, maternal support, peer support, and teachers support. Variables affecting depression were peer support and self-esteem, accounting for 47.0% of the variance.
CONCLUSION
The findings indicate that peer support and self-esteem, follow by maternal, paternal and teachers support, are important variables in the occurrence of depression in these adolescents. Further study is needed to develop strategies to increase this support and self-esteem.

Citations

• Loneliness and depression symptoms among the elderly in nursing homes: A moderated mediation model of resilience and social support
  Xia Zhao, Dan Zhang, Menglian Wu, Yang Yang, Hui Xie, Yuqin Li, Jihui Jia, Yonggang Su
  Psychiatry Research.2018; 268: 143.     CrossRef
• Difficulties faced by long-term childhood cancer survivors: A qualitative study
  Yoonjung Kim, Kyoung-Sook Lee, Kyung-Nam Koh
  European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2018; 36: 129.     CrossRef
• Exploration of life experiences of positive growth in long-term childhood cancer survivors
  Yoonjung Kim
  European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2017; 30: 60.     CrossRef
• Predictors of Meaning in Life in Adolescents with Leukemia.
  Sung Sil Hong, Ho Ran Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2015; 21(1): 74.     CrossRef
• Health-related Needs and Quality of Life in Childhood Cancer Survivors
  Su-Jin Lim
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2015; 15(4): 246.     CrossRef
• Impact of psychological and cancer-related factors on HRQoL for Korean childhood cancer survivors
  Myung Ah Rhee, Kyong Mee Chung, Yuri Lee, Hana K. Choi, Jung Woo Han, Hyo Sun Kim, Sun Hee Kim, Yoon Jung Shin, Chuhl Joo Lyu
  Quality of Life Research.2014; 23(9): 2603.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Logotherapy on Meaning of Life of Early Adolescents with Cancer
  Shin-Jeong Kim, Kyung-Ah Kang, Sun-Jeong Park, Myung-Nam Lee, Young-Hee Kim
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2013; 13(1): 49.     CrossRef
• Childhood Cancer Survivor's Services Needs for the Better Quality of Life
  Min-Ah Kim, Jae-hee Yi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2012; 18(1): 19.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the behavioral responses of children with burns, and anxiety and depression in their parents.
METHODS
Ninety-three parents of children with burns, ages 4 to 15 years who were admitted to hospital for an acute burn agreed to participate in this study. The Child Behavior Checklist, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Korean Version of Beck Depression Inventory were used for data collection.
RESULTS
The mean scores for acute traumatic disorder, post traumatic disorder, anxiety and depression were 9.05+/-3.04, 39.59+/-8.75, 11.89+/-11.53, and 10.16+/-8.22, respectively. There were significant relationships between depression and gender of children, education of parents, and number of family members. Child's behavioral responses were positively correlated with parents' anxiety and depression.
CONCLUSION
The study found that the greater the behavioral responses of the children with burns, the more anxiety and depression experienced by the parents. The results indicate that psychological support must be provided for both the children with burns and their parents in conjunction with treatment of the burns.

Citations

• Content Analysis on Caring Experiences of Mothers of Children with Burns
  Seon-Hi Nam, Ji-Min Seo
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2012; 18(4): 257.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting depression in mothers of children with disabilities and to identify the relationships between the depression, parenting-stress and self-esteem.
METHODS
The participants were 100 mothers of children with disabilities lving in G city. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Coefficients with SPSS/PC+ 21.0.
RESULTS
There was a significant relationship between depression and parenting stress (p<.001). Depression was negatively correlated with self-esteem (p<.001). Variables affecting depression were parenting-stress, self-esteem and family income. The three factors accounted for 38.7% of the depression.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study show that parenting-stress and selfesteem are the most significant factors affecting depression. There is an urgent need to develop nursing interventions to reduce levels of depression in mothers of children with disabilities and to help them lead a healthier life.

Citations

• A Study on the Effects of Self-esteem of Fathers with Young Children on Parenting Stress: Focused on the Mediating Effect of Marital Satisfaction and Depression
  Sung-Ryung Kim, Chung-Sun Park
  Korean Journal of family welfare.2018; 23(2): 215.     CrossRef
• A study on the factors influencing the satisfaction of life of disabled children parents
  Hyun-Suk Lee, Kyu-Soo Ha
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperati.2015; 16(11): 8046.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to explore relationships of postpartum depression with socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of preterm infants and mothers.
METHODS
Participants were the mothers of 80 premature infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units. Postpartum depression was measured using the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Clinical characteristics were examined through the medical records. The physiological state for the infants was evaluated using the revised Neurobiologic Risk Score (NBRS). Data were analyzed using the t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficients.
RESULTS
Average for EPDS was 9.75+/-5.06, and 30% of the participants were at high risk for postpartum depression. There were significant differences in postpartum depression according to mother's education level (F=3.493, p=.035), economic state (F=5.828, p=.004), multiple pregnancy (t=2.141, p=.037), chorioamnionitis (t=2.349, p=.021), oligohydramnios (t=-2.226, p=.029), broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (t=2.085, p=.040), germinal matrix hemorrhage (t=2.259, p=.027), and revised NBRS (t=-2.772, p=.007). There was a significant positive correlation between postpartum depression and number of health problem of infants (r=.252, p=.024) and revised NBRS (r=.316, p=.004).
CONCLUSION
As 30% of the mothers with preterm infants were at high risk for postpartum depression, they require attention. When providing interventions, socioeconomic status as well as the physiological state of premature infants should be considered.

Citations

• Algılanan Anne Ebeveynlik Öz Yeterlik Ölçeğinin Türk Toplumuna Uyarlanması
  Çağla Verici Kılıç, Oya Kavlak
  Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüs.2024; 11(1): 57.     CrossRef
• The Effectiveness of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) on attachment of mothers with premature infants
  Shahrokh Mehrpisheh, Zahra Doorandish, Roya Farhadi, Mozhgan Ahmadi, Mannaneh Moafi, Forouzan Elyasi
  European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Re.2022; 15: 100149.     CrossRef
• The physical and emotional health of South Korean mothers of preterm infants in the early postpartum period: a descriptive correlational study
  Jiyun Park, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2022; 28(2): 103.     CrossRef
• Experiences of Mothers of Premature Infants Receiving Rehabilitation Therapy
  Hyun-Ju Kang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(3): 298.     CrossRef
• Predictors of Quality of Life in Mothers of Premature Infant
  Hyosin Choi, Yeonghee Shin
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2017; 23(3): 191.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Kangaroo Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit on the Physiological Functions of Preterm Infants, Maternal–Infant Attachment, and Maternal Stress
  Eun-Sook Cho, Shin-Jeong Kim, Myung Soon Kwon, Haeryun Cho, Eun Hye Kim, Eun Mi Jun, Sunhee Lee
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2016; 31(4): 430.     CrossRef
• Prospective Study on Factors Related to Development in Premature Infants at Six-Months
  Kyung-Sook Bang, Hyun-Ju Kang, Buhyun Lee, Mi-Kyung Kwon
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(3): 199.     CrossRef
• Effects of Self Efficacy, Body Image and Family Support on Postpartum Depression in Early Postpartum Mothers
  Ji-Won Lee, Yong-Sook Eo, Eun-Hye Moon
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperati.2015; 16(6): 4011.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to identify the effects of the Positive Peer Relationship Training Program on self-esteem, bullying, and depression.
METHODS
The research design was a quasi-experimental research with a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized pre-posttest. The recruited participants were forty-four 6th graders at an elementary school in G city. The research was carried out from September 10 to November 19, 2012. To test the effects of the Positive Peer Relationship Training Program, the participants were divided into two groups, an experimental group (23) and a control group (21). The Positive Peer Relationship Training Program was provided to the experiment group for 45 minutes/session twice a week, for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact probability test, chi2-test and t-test with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program.
RESULTS
After attending the Positive Peer Relationship Training Program, no significant differences were found in self-esteem scores but significant differences were found in bullying and depression scores between the experimental group and the control group (t=1.27, p=.212, t=-2.10, p=.042; t=-2.37, p=.023).
CONCLUSION
The results indicate that the Positive Peer Relationship Training Program is an effective nursing intervention for decreasing bullying and depression among Children in Early Adolescence.

Citations

• School-based interventions to promote adolescent health: A systematic review in low- and middle-income countries of WHO Western Pacific Region
  Tao Xu, Sachi Tomokawa, Ernesto R. Gregorio, Priya Mannava, Mari Nagai, Howard Sobel, Rachel A. Annunziato
  PLOS ONE.2020; 15(3): e0230046.     CrossRef
• Effects of Peer Helper Training Program on Existential Spiritual Well-being, Peer Relationship, and Depression for Students Attending a Specialized Girls Vocational High School
  Hyun-Ok Jung, Hoy-Ok Song, Mi-Hyang Kim, Hee-Sook Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Menta.2015; 24(4): 310.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to investigate the point prevalence of postpartum depression and its predictors during early postpartum in mother of preterm infants.
METHODS
Participants were 101 women, 2-3 weeks after delivery whose preterm babies were hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit. Data were collected from June 2010 to January 2011. The instruments included 'Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale', 'Prenatal depression', 'Subjective health status of infant', 'Medical staff support', and 'Husband support'. Collected data were analyzed using t-test, chi2-test, and multiple logistic regression with SPSS/WIN version 18.0.
RESULTS
The point prevalence was 86.1% that postpartum depression occurred during the early postpartum period in mothers of preterm infants. Three significant predictors of postpartum depression in mothers of preterm infants were identified; 'Type of delivery (OR, 5.57; 95% CI, 1.25-24.77)', 'Subjective health status of infant (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.16-0.70)', and 'Medical staff support (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.28-0.97)'.
CONCLUSION
The results indicate that postpartum mothers should be screened for postpartum depression early in the postpartum period and that, medical personnel should pay particular attention to mothers with a caesarean section and should help mothers of preterm babies to develop positive perceptions of their babies.

Citations

• Effects of a Noncontact Visit Program in the NICU for the Prevention of COVID-19
  Hye Young Ahn, Hee Jee Jo, Hyun Jeong Ko
  Healthcare.2023; 11(15): 2152.     CrossRef
• The physical and emotional health of South Korean mothers of preterm infants in the early postpartum period: a descriptive correlational study
  Jiyun Park, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2022; 28(2): 103.     CrossRef
• Correlations between a Flexible Parental Visiting Environment and Parental Stress in Neonatal Intensive Care Units
  Su Jin Lee, Eun Kyoung Choi, Jeongok Park, Hee Soon Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(4): 377.     CrossRef
• A Mother’s Experience of Hospitalization of Her Newborn in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
  Euna Choi, Youngeun Lee
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(4): 407.     CrossRef
• Predictors of Quality of Life in Mothers of Premature Infant
  Hyosin Choi, Yeonghee Shin
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2017; 23(3): 191.     CrossRef
• Relations of Postpartum Depression with Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Preterm Infants and Mothers.
  Kyung Sook Bang, Hyun Ju Kang, Mi Kyung Kwon
  Child Health Nursing Research.2015; 21(1): 1.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate factors contributing to internet addiction in 4th, 5th, and 6th graders from low income families.
METHODS
Participants for this study were 201 4th, 5th, and 6th graders from low income families living in Taegu. Data were collected from March, 2 to May, 29, 2013 using self-report structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS/Win 20.0 programme.
RESULTS
Among the students, 78.6% were regular users, 14.4% were potential users, and 7.0% were high-risk users. The factors influencing internet addiction, in order of importance, were; conversation with family, followed by depression.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that efforts should make to monitor use of internet by elementary school children from low income families, and preventive strategies should be developed taking into consideration factors that influence internet addiction.

Citations

• Parental and Child Factors Associated With Internet Addiction in Children
  Mee Kyung Lee, Yujeong Kim
  Western Journal of Nursing Research.2023; 45(11): 1001.     CrossRef
• Examining the Relationship between Life Satisfaction, Smartphone Addiction, and Maternal Parenting Behavior: A South Korean Example of Mothers with Infants
  Seung-Min Song, Bokyung Park, Jung-Eun Kim, Jung Eun Kim, Nam-Shim Park
  Child Indicators Research.2019; 12(4): 1221.     CrossRef
• Consumers' Needs for Public Education and Corporate Participation Regarding Child Internet Addiction: Based on the Risk Perception Attitude Framework
  Su‐Jung Nam, Hyesun Hwang
  Journal of Consumer Affairs.2019; 53(3): 1220.     CrossRef
• Effects and Development of an Experience-based Sex Education Program for Adjustment to Puberty in Upper Elementary Students
  Jaeyoung Lee, So Yeon Park, Minji Je, Hyeon Ok Ju
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(4): 454.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to develop a postpartum nursing intervention program for immigrant women and evaluate the effects on postpartum depression, child rearing confidence, home environment, and infant temperament.
METHODS
This research was a non-equivalent control group pre-test and post-test design. Participants were pregnant immigrant women from China, Vietnam, and the Philippines residing in Kyunggi province and Seoul. Twenty women were assigned to the intervention group, and 19 women to the control group. For the intervention group, the women were visited at home and provided emotional support and parenting education for three months. To analyze the intervention effects, repeated measure ANOVA and t-test were used.
RESULTS
Child rearing confidence was higher in the experimental group than the control group at interaction effect of time and group, six weeks and three months postpartum. However, there were no significant effects for maternal depression, infant temperament, and husband support. Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) score in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group at three month postpartum.
CONCLUSION
Results indicate that the nursing intervention program had positive effects and can be used to further the health status of immigrant mothers and children.

Citations

• Breastfeeding interventions for preventing postpartum depression
  Mikaela Lenells, Eleonora Uphoff, David Marshall, Emilija Wilson, Anna Gustafsson, Michael B Wells, Ewa Andersson, Cindy-Lee Dennis
  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Public health, policy, and clinical interventions to improve perinatal care for migrant women and infants in high-income countries: a systematic review
  Kerrie Stevenson, Samuel Edwards, Kemi Ogunlana, Maha Alomari, Rukayat Agoropopoola, William Henderson, Nuria Sanchez Clemente, Hannah Rayment-Jones, Majel McGranahan, Maria Marti Castaner, Serena Luchenski, Gracia Fellmeth, Fiona Stevenson, Marian Knight
  eClinicalMedicine.2024; 78: 102938.     CrossRef
• Development and Evaluation of the Parenting Support Group Program for Mothers with Infants
  Sun Hwa Park, Kyung Ja June
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nurs.2021; 32(1): 40.     CrossRef
• Analysis of Research Trends on Postpartum-women Healthcare : A Scoping Review
  Do-Eun Lee, Han-Song Park, Joon-Soo Jin, Beak-Ki Min, In-Ae Youn, Hyo-Weon Suh, Joo-Hee Seo
  Journal of Korean Medicine.2020; 41(3): 32.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Maternal Role Adjustment Program on First-time Mothers
  Su Jeong Kim, Ji Min Seo
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2018; 24(3): 322.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of Psychosocial and Educational Prenatal and Postnatal Care Interventions for Married Immigrant Women in Korea: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
  Sun Kyung Kim, Seyeon Park, Sukhee Ahn
  Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2017; 29(5): 351.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Customized Birth Control Program for Married Immigrant Postpartum Mothers
  So Young Kim, So Young Choi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2016; 46(6): 780.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to test a hypothesized model, the Biobehavioral Family Model (BBFM), on the relationship of family emotional climate, security of parent-child relationship, depression symptoms and eating problems in adolescent girls, to further understanding of eating problems in this population.
METHODS
With a convenience sample of 647 girls, aged 15 to 18, a self-report survey was conducted which included the Korean form of the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) to assess eating problems.
RESULTS
The estimated results of the structural equation modeling indicated a good fit of data to the hypothesized model proposing that family emotional climate and security of parent-child relationship were associated with the risk of eating problems by way of depression symptoms. That is, negative family emotional climate and insecure parent-child relationship increased the risk of eating problems indirectly by way of depression symptoms.
CONCLUSION
The findings are consistent with the BBFM, which suggests a psychobiologic influence of specific family processes on children's stress-sensitive physical disease activity by way of depression symptoms. Therefore, the applicability of the BBFM for understanding adolescent girls' eating problems is supported. The psychobiologic pathways from depression to eating pathology should be addressed in future studies.

Citations

• Family Structure and Family Climate in Relation to Health and Socioeconomic Status for Older Adults: A Longitudinal Moderated Mediation Analysis
  Enrique Alonso-Perez, Paul Gellert, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Julie Lorraine O’Sullivan
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2022; 19(18): 11840.     CrossRef
• Factors related to Eating Attitudes of Female High School Students
  Young-Ju Jee, Kyoung-Nam Kim
  Journal of the Korean Society of School Health.2017; 30(1): 40.     CrossRef
• A path analysis of factors influencing eating problem among young female adults
  Bo-Kyoung Cha
  Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(6): 615.     CrossRef
• Influence of Appearance Stress, Ego-Resilience, Interpersonal Relations and Depression on Eating Attitude in Women Undergraduates
  Hae Kyung Chang, Jung Nam Sohn
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursi.2014; 21(3): 235.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to develop an emotional self-regulation program for obese children and to examine the program's effectiveness on depression, eating habits, and body mass index.
METHODS
The emotional self-regulation program was developed from theory-based strategies and a pre-post pilot study was conducted with 46 children (19: intervention, 27: control). The program included 6 weekly group sessions over 2 months. The embedded experimental model of concurrent mixed methods was used to better understand research outcomes by converging both quantitative and qualitative data. Anthropometric measurements and surveys were performed before and after the intervention. Three focus group interviews were conducted with all participants after intervention to explore their experiences.
RESULTS
The intervention group displayed decreased depression levels in the quantitative outcomes. The participants also expressed positive outcomes such as improvements in confidence, impulse management, intimacy, happiness, and losing weight.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that emotional self-regulation skills are crucial factors for obese children not only to manage their emotional problems but also to control their weight. Further research is needed with a larger sample size and randomized controlled trials.

Citations

• Effectiveness of obesity interventions among South Korean children and adolescents and importance of the type of intervention component: a meta-analysis
  Siyoung Choe, Jaesin Sa, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Deokjin Kim
  Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2022; 65(2): 98.     CrossRef
• Physical Activity Assessment of Preschool Children Using Accelerometer - Including Comparison of Reintegrating Counts of Different Epoch Lengths -
  Ji-Yeon Kim, Yeon-Jung Choi, Mun-Jeong Ju, Eun-Kyung Kim
  Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2016; 22(3): 214.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to explore the levels of depression experienced by adolescents, and to compare health behavior between depressed and non-depressed adolescents.
METHOD
Participants were chosen by a stratified random sampling of adolescents in the second grade of a high school in P city. Levels of depression and health behavior of the students were measured using questionnaires. Data collection was done in May, 2002. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and logistic regression using the SPSS WIN 10.0 Program.
RESULTS
The prevalence of depression (CES-D) among the students was 53.5%. In multiple logistic regression analysis, sex (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.35-2.41), school performance, mid (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.48-1.97) and low (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.29-1.61), drinking (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.09-1.98), and not eating breakfast (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.56-1.97) were significantly higher in students in the depressed group than those in the non-depressed group.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings, we concluded that many adolescent experience depression and depression in adolescents is significantly related to behaviors of smoking, alcohol, no exercise, and not eating breakfast. However this study did not address causality among these variables. There, further research, such as a longitudinal study, is needed to identify causality among the variables.

PURPOSE
To investigate changes in mother's stress, degree of depression and level of milk secretion hormones when the mothers provided massage to their new born babies.
METHOD
The study was conducted with 65 women who had delivered at a convalescence institute in Incheon between Sep 25, 2003 and Feb 10, 2004. The mothers were assigned to a control group or an experimental group. Infants of mothers in the experimental group received massage from their mothers twice a day for 10 days beginning on the 4th day after delivery. The data were processed using chi square-test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA using the SAS program.
RESULTS
The level of cortisol, a stress hormone and depression were significantly different between the two groups (p=0.01;p=0.02). While for plasma prolactin level, a milk secretion hormone, there was no significant difference(p=0.14).
CONCLUSIONS
When massage was provided to new-born babies the cortisol level of the mothers decreased significantly compared to the control group which did not receive the massage. As the level of depression of the control group declined as time passed while the experiment group showed no difference and there was no difference in the plasma prolactin level, further study is suggested.

The purpose of the study is both to develope the group counseling program applying Reality Therapy, by which positive body image could be conceived by adolescent women, by helping them identify their bodies as what they are, and then admit their real bodies, and also find out some practical methodologies of self-esteem, and to verify the program to show how effectively this program can be applied to them. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires(body image and depression) from 59 high school girls in Seoul who were selected by criteria of this study, from the 1st of September to 10th of November, 2000. The experimental group participated in the group counseling by applying Reality Therapy with 8 sessions for 4 weeks. Descriptive statistics, homogeneity test, hypothesis testing, reliability were performed statistically by utilizing SAS pc program, and additionally the reaction due to the change of body image by adolescent women was also analyzed. The results drawn through the present study are as follows: 1. A hypothesis that "adolescent women who participated in the group counseling program by applying Reality Therapy may get higher points on body image than adolescent women who did not participated" has been adopted (t=6.73, p=.000). 2. A hypothesis that "adolescent women who participated in the group counseling program by applying Reality Therapy may get lower points on depression than adolescent women who did not participated" has been adopted (t=5.28, p=.000). 3. After applying the group counseling program, the degree of depression for upper group who obtained higher preliminary points on depression has decreased rather meaningfully more than that for lower group who obtained higher preliminary points(t=5.58, p=.000). 4. Reactions associated with positive change in body image of adolescent women who participated in the group counseling program by applying Reality Therapy has been shown to be body acceptance, enhancement of self-esteem, and change of value judgment of beauty. 5. The difference in the motivation and attitude of each group has been observed, by analyzing the reactions obtained from those who show the highest change of body image and those who show the lowest change of body image through the group counseling program by applying Reality Therapy. According to the present studies, it can be concluded that the group counseling program by applying Reality Therapy has turned out as an effective strategy for nursing intervention for adolescent women, by helping them form positive body images and reducing depression.

Recently, the number of obese people have been increasing due to westernized diets and increased sedentary activity. In particular, obese adolescent have been newly recognized as having significant health problems. This study focuses on determining the gender difference of obese adolescents through implementation of a structured questionnaire on general characteristics, attitudes toward dieting, eating habits and emotional depression due to obesity. Data collection was carried out by 291 students in attendance at 3 high schools in Pusan from 11. 2. 1998 to 11. 30. 1998. The targes were 148 boys and 143 girls who were judged as obese in the school's physical check-up. The test of reliability of this research was calculated by chronbach's alpha . Data analysis was managed by computer and statistics by SPSS/WIN. The results of the survey are as follows: 1.For the questionnaire regarding attitudes toward dieting which include 28 items, 10 out of 28 items (about 36%)showed gender difference. 2. For the questionnaire regarding eating habits which include 17 items, 5 out of 17 items (about 30%)showed gender difference. 3.For the questionnaire regarding emotional depression about obesity, 30.6% of boys and 27.3% girls answered but no statistical significance. The results of this survey indicated that this study will be important as a good guideline for treating obese adolescents. It is hoped that much more research on gender difference in obese adolescents will be implemented in the future. In addition, the development of effective treatments for obesity should be based on the gender of the adolescent.

PURPOSE
This descriptive correlation study was designed to examine the relationship of inferiority to depression and psychosomatic symptoms in female adolescents. In addition, this study investigated the mediating effect of perceived entrapment in relation to inferiority and other variables.
METHOD
Data were collected from 526 female high school students. Self-report questionnaires, which were constructed to include demographic factors, inferiority, perceived entrapment, depression and psychosomatic symptoms, were used for data collection.
RESULTS
Students with high inferiority showed significantly higher perceived entrapment, depression and psychosomatic symptoms. There were significant positive correlations among the variables. Perceived entrapment had a significant mediating effect in relation to inferiority, depression and psychosomatic symptoms.
CONCLUSION
Further study is necessary to develop effective nursing interventions for managing inferiority and perceived entrapment in this population.

PURPOSE
This study was done to identify types of gender role identity in female adolescents and to investigate the relationship between types of gender role identity and depression.
METHOD
The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design using convenience sampling. Data were collected through self report questionnaires from 1,497 female high school students in Seoul. Data were analyzed using SPSS 10.0 program.
RESULTS
The androgyny gender role identity was most common (33.9%). Of the types of gender role identity that had a significant relationship with depression. androgyny gender role identity had the lowest significant relationship to level of depression level, followed by masculinity, femininity, and undifferentiated type.
CONCLUSION
It is necessary that nurses provide interventions to help female adolescents develop gender role identity toward androgyny.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of parent-adolescent communication and depression on suicide ideation in the adolescent population.
METHOD
The participants for this study were 391 students from two middle schools, one located in Seoul and one in Kyung-gi do Province. A self-report survey was used for data collection, which was carried out from February 8 to 14, 2006. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 11.0 Program.
RESULTS
The average score for father-adolescent communication was 61.70, and for mother-adolescent communication, 64.04. The average score for depression was 16.01, and for suicide ideation, 8.69. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between suicide ideation and depression. There was a statistically significant reverse correlation between suicide ideation and mother-adolescent communication, and between suicide ideation and father-adolescent communication. Mother-adolescent communication and depression account for 46.4% of variance in suicide ideation of adolescents.
CONCLUSION
According to the results, programs designed to improve parent-adolescent communication and decrease depression should be developed and put into practice to decrease the rate of suicide ideation in adolescents in Korea.

The purposes of this descriptive survey study were to describe antenatal depression and level of mother-fetal interaction, and to assess mother's behavior and feeling during mother-fetal interaction, in order to develop a base for nursing intervention programs for mothers who have antenatal depression.
METHOD
Data were collected from 174 pregnant women who visited one public health center and OBGY clinic in Gangneung city. The instrument used for this study was a self-report questionnaire to identify depression (BDI), and mother-fetal interaction.
RESULTS
Of the mothers 63.2% were in the normal range for antenatal depression, 21.3% in the mild group and 15.5% were in the moderate to severe group. For antenatal depression, there were significant differences among the income, planned pregnant, health status, marriage satisfaction, family support, husband's love. The mean for mother-fetal interaction was 29.88+/-4.91. For mother-infant interaction, there were significant differences in education, income, pregnant number, delivery number, feeding plan, marriage satisfaction, family support, husband's love. There was a weak correlations between antenatal depression and mother-fetal interaction but it did not reach statistical significance.
CONCLUSION
Antenatal depression and mother-fetal interaction influence fetal development. It is essential to assess and provide immediate care to mothers who have antenatal depression and lower level mother-fetal Interaction.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to survey and examine the relationship of family strengths, family function, ego-identity and depression in adolescence in Busan, and to provide basic data for a health promoting intervention to improve their family health.
METHOD
Data were collected from four colleges in Busan and, 680 students were enrolled in the study. Descriptive statistics, t-test or ANOVA with Scheffe's test and Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
The mean score for family strengths was 3.58, family function 4.31, ego-identity 55.4 and depression 17.9. The scores for family strengths differed significantly according to subjective social economic state and father's job, parent's religion, parent's marital status and family composition. The scores for family function differed significantly according to parent's religion, parent's marital status and subjective social economic state. The scores for ego-identity differed according to mother's education level, parent's religion, parent's marital status and family composition. There were a positive correlations between family strengths and family function, between family strengths and ego-identity, between family function and ego-identity. There were negative correlations between family strengths and depression, between family function and depression, between ego-identity and depression.
CONCLUSION
In order to promote ego-identity and to decrease depression in adolescence, it is necessary to develop supporting interventions to develop family strengths.

PURPOSE
The main objectives of this study were to examine relationship between depression and resilience in children with IDDM and identify factors associated with depression.
METHOD
Data were collected from 63 children whose ages ranged from 10 to 15 years and who had been diagnosed with IDDM for over six months. Resilience was measured with an instrument developed by Kim (2002) and depression with the CDI by Beck (1967). Descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression analyses were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
The mean score for depression was 11.71 (range: 0-54) and resilience was 99.03 (range: 32-128). There was a significant positive relationship between depression and academic performance (r=0.598, p<.01), and negative relationships between depression and perceived parenting attitude (r=-0.579, p<.01) and resilience (r=-0.577, p<.01). The result of multiple regression analysis showed that academic performance (beta=-0.419, p<.01), perceived parenting attitude (beta=-0.338, p<.01) and resilience (beta=-0.219, p<.05) were statistically significant for depression.
CONCLUSIONS
The children with IDDM who reported lower resilience, negative parenting attitude, and better academic performance were more depressed. It is important for nurses to identify the strengths of the children with chronic illnesses and to help them increase their resilience level to prevent depression. Parenting classes are necessary to help parents support resilience of their children and counseling programs for mothers of these children are also recommended.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to identify the degree of Internet addiction and factors influencing this addiction among high school students in Korea.
METHOD
A total of 405 high school students in the Gyeoung-gi, Daegu and Gyeoung-buk areas were surveyed using questionnaires for data collection.
RESULTS
Internet addiction among high school students in Korea was relatively low. In the overall ratio distribution, however, the students who were classified as either addicted or at risk of addiction accounted for a high percentage of the students, 31.1%. Positive or negative relationships were found between internet addiction and the research variables but multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of Internet addiction was depression.
CONCLUSION
Using the above results, it is necessary to develop Internet addiction prevention programs for adolescents. There should be a more comprehensive study in the future for an in-depth understanding of internet addiction of adolescents.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to describe high-risk health behaviors in middle school adolescents and to identify factors related to this behavior. Method: This survey study employed a self administered questionnaire given to 621 students enrolled in one middle school located in Gyeonggi province. Using the cluster sampling method, 4 classes from the 7th, 8th, and 9th grades were selected. The survey was done between April 20 and May 19, 2004. Data were analyzed using SAS. Result: The results showed that 19.1% of adolescents smoked cigarettes and 8.4 % drank regularly. The mean score for resilience was 6.92 (range:0-10) and for depression, 23.62 (range:0-50). The adolescents in higher grades reported significantly more experience with pornography. Also, adolescents who reported have fewer conversations with their parents had significantly more experience with pornography. Depression was significantly higher for those students who had better academic skills and higher family income. Resilience level was significantly higher for the students who reported better schools records and higher family income. The most important factor related to the high risk behaviors, depression, and resilience was conversations with parents. Conclusion: This study suggests that to develop an effective high-risk health behavior prevention program for adolescents, it is necessary to include communication skills with the parents.

Purpose
The purposes of this descriptive survey study were to describe postpartum depression level and to identify the influence of postpartum depression on maternal role confidence, parenting stress and infant temperament, in order to develop a base for nursing intervention programs for mothers who have postpartum depression. Method: Data were collected from 183 mothers of infants who visited one public health center in Goyang city. The instrument used for this study was a self-report questionnaire to identify the postpartum depression (BDI), maternal role confidence, parenting stress (PSI) and infant temperament (WBL).
Results
Of the mothers 42.1% were in the normal range for postpartum depression, 33.3% in the mild group and 24.6% were in the moderate to severe group. There were significant differences in parenting stress, and infant temperament according to level of postpartum depression. There were correlations between maternal role confidence (r=-0.13), infant temperament (r=-0.20), parenting stress (r=0.51) and postpartum depression, and weak negative correlation between parenting stress and infant temperament (r=-0.30).
Conclusion
Postpartum depression in the infant period when the mother's role is very important and the effect is not only on the mother's role but also on the infant's growth. It is essential to assess and provide immediate care to mothers who have postpartum depression.