Purpose
This study aimed to clarify the factors related to mothers' decisions to provide disease explanations to their children, investigate the associations between those factors and social adaptive skills, and examine support relative to children's growth and development.
Methods
Data were collected from anonymous, self-administered questionnaires answered by 71 mothers of outpatient school-aged children with congenital heart disease. The questionnaire items included characteristics of mothers and children, decision factors for providing disease explanations, and children's social adaptive skills (Asahide-Shiki social adaptive skills test). Factor analysis was performed on the decision factors, and multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the association between the identified factors and each social adaptive skill.
Results
The decision factors for providing disease explanations were the mother's explanation ability, the receptive capability of the child, and the child's interest and literacy regarding the explanation. Multiple regression analysis showed that language and social life skills were significantly associated with the child's receptive capability, and language and daily life skills were significantly associated with the child's interest and literacy regarding the explanation.
Conclusion
Improving children's language, social life, and daily life skills may enhance their receptive capability and literacy regarding explanations of their disease.

Citations

• Social Life and Communication Skills of School-Age Children with Congenital Hearing Loss Who Received Cochlear Implants at an Advanced Age
  Kyoko Shirai, Yusuke Saito, Keiichi Satoh, Ayako Tomizawa, Naoko Nonami, Sachi Maeda, Nobuhiro Nishiyama, Ryota Tomioka, Kiyoaki Tsukahara
  Audiology and Neurotology.2025; 30(3): 282.     CrossRef
• Health Literacy and Its Impact on Self-Care of Children With Congenital Heart Disease
  Yorman M. Gomez, Lisa K. Sharp, Pamela Martyn-Nemeth, Linda G. Park, Karen M. Vuckovic
  Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing.2024; 39(6): 517.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The main purposes of this study were to assess maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) of the expectant mothers of a fetus with a prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) and to identify factors associated with MFA.
METHODS
The methodology was a cross sectional survey study using a self-administered questionnaire. Thirty pregnant women carrying a fetus with a prenatal diagnosis of CHD and 30 pregnant women with a normal fetus were enrolled in this study. The MFA Scale and PPS (The Prenatal Psychosocial Profile) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 Window version. Descriptive statistics, chi2-test and t-test were used to compare the two groups. The factors associated with MFA were identified by multiple regression analysis.
RESULTS
There was no significant difference between the two groups in MFA and social support from spouse was the only variable showing a significant difference. The model from the multiple regression analysis explained 33.8% of MFA for both groups.
CONCLUSION
MFA of expectant mothers with a prenatal diagnosis of CHD and of mothers with a normal fetus were not significantly different. It is important that health care providers encourage expectant fathers to support the expectant mothers to increase MFA.

Citations

• A Qualitative Study of Psychoemotional Changes in Mothers with Children Prenatally Diagnosed with Congenital Heart Disease
  Eun Ju Jo, Jeong Yun Park
  Journal of Korean Association for Qualitative Rese.2024; 9(3): 151.     CrossRef
• Impact of Anxiety, Social Support, and Taegyo Practice on Maternal-Fetal Attachment in Pregnant Women Having an Abortion
  BuKyung Kim, Mi-Hae Sung
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2019; 25(2): 182.     CrossRef
• Meaning of the Expectation of Childbirth on Primigravida Whose Fetus are Diagnosed with Congenital Heart Disease
  박점미, 신나연
  JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF MATERNAL AND CHIL.2018; 22(2): 77.     CrossRef
• The Contribution of Maternal-Fetal Attachment: Taegyo, Maternal Fatigue and Social Support during Pregnancy.
  Mi Yu, Miok Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2014; 20(4): 247.     CrossRef

Congenital heart disease is now estimated to be the most prevalent chronic illness in children. The overall purpose of study is to enhance our understanding of mother's perception of family stress, perceived social support, and coping who has a child newly diagnosed with congenital heart disease. In this investigation, the relationship between family stress, perceived social support, and coping within the context of a acute, non life- threatening chronic illness in the situation of newly diagnosed as Rolland's typology of chronic illness. The study employed data from a subset of a large longitudinal study, children's chronic illness: parents and family adaptation conducted by M. McCubbin (5 R29 NR02563) which was funded by the NIH. The subject for this study were 92 mothers who have a child under age 12 who was newly diagnosed with congenital heart disease within the last 3-4 months. Results form correlational and regression analysis revealed that perceived social support operated as a resiliency factor between family stress and coping of mothers. Child and family characteristics appeared to be important predictors of perceived social support and mother's coping. Therefore, the findings provide an incremental contribution to the explanation of effects for perceived social support and may challenge resiliency model in previous literature. Further, these findings suggest that perceived social support and coping are both influencing in the resiliency of relatively high risk groups of families who has a child with congenital heart disease.

PURPOSE
To explore the experiences of parenting from the mothers of children with severe CHD and to develop a paradigm model of their experiences.
METHOD
Grounded theory method guided the data collection and analysis. A sample of 16 mothers of children with severe CHD participated in the study during 2003. The data were collected by semi-structured individual interviews.
RESULTS
"Raise with dignity" emerged as the core phenomenon. 'Powerlessness' appeared as central concept. The causal condition on powerlessness was 'living with a bomb in the heart': uncertainty and the context were 'confronting people's eyes', 'developing child's adaptability'. An intervening condition was 'forming a support system' and consequences for coping with powerlessness were 'overcome' or 'ambivalence' using mother's positive personality as strategies, care role perception, accepting, acknowledgement, and managing body and mind.
CONCLUSIONS
From the results of this study, it can be seen that mothers of children with severe CHD continue to struggle with life during their children's growth and repeated attacks. They need to be provided with skills to cope with physical and mental problems of raising children. They also need nursing care to give them needed strength and provide them expert information for the entire period of the child's growth.

PURPOSE
As a result of dramatic advances in the medical and surgical management of congenital heart disease (CHD), many babies born with cardiac anomalies today can expect to reach adulthood. The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between parenting stress and personal resources of mothers of children with CHD.
METHOD
Fifty-one mothers of children with CHD were recruited at the pediatric cardiac outpatient clinic from July 14th to September 25th 2006. Abidin's parenting stress index/short form (PSI/SF) and Brandt and Weinert's personal resource questionnaire (PRQ) were used. PSI has 3 sub-concepts; parental role distress, dysfunctional parent-child interaction, and difficult child. PRQ has 4 sub-concepts; intimacy, social integration, worth, and assistance. Data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0 version.
RESULTS
Correlation analysis showed that parenting stress was significantly related to 'intimacy', 'social integration', and 'worth' of mothers. Multiple regression analysis showed that parenting stress was significantly related to personal resource of mother and information by internet.
CONCLUSION
Mothers who felt they had supportive friends and family, high self esteem, and social integration reported lower parenting stress. Also, internet may be an effective method to provide information and share experience for mothers of children with CHD.