Purpose
This study investigated weight status in survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and identified related factors.
Methods
A retrospective review of the electronic medical records of survivors of childhood ALL (n=230) was conducted. We analyzed the survivors' characteristics, including sex, age, weight status at diagnosis, central nervous system involvement, risk classification, length of treatment, radiation therapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Analysis of variance and the chi-squared test were applied to investigate influencing factors.
Results
The weight status distribution was as follows: 23 individuals (10.0%) were classified as underweight, 151 individuals (65.7%) were healthy weight, and 56 individuals (24.3%) were overweight/obese. Age at diagnosis (F=10.03, p<.001), weight status at diagnosis (x2=43.41, p<.001), and risk classification (F=10.98, p=0.027) showed significant differences among the weight status groups. Survivors who were older at diagnosis and those in the very high-risk category had a higher likelihood of experiencing underweight status during their survivorship, while survivors who were overweight/obese at diagnosis were more likely to remain overweight/obese at the time of survival.
Conclusion
Considering the potential health implications related to an unhealthy weight status in survivors of ALL, it is imperative to undertake early identification and implement interventions for at-risk individuals.

Citations

• Early Increase in Weight Is Seen During Treatment for Paediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia—A Retrospective Analysis of Medical Records
  Håkon Endal, Bjørn Helge Handegård, Katrine Nordeng Mellem, Anita Andrejeva, Inga Maria Rinvoll Johannsdottir, Bendik Lund, Trond Flægstad, Inger P. Landsem
  Acta Paediatrica.2025; 114(11): 2935.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study investigated the effects of healthy lifestyle interventions (HLSIs) on health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in childhood and adolescent cancer survivors (CACS).
Methods
Major databases were searched for English-language original articles published between January 1, 2000 and May 2, 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs were included. Quality was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool, and a meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software.
Results
Nineteen studies were included. Significant effects on HR-QoL were found for interventions using a multi-modal approach (exercise and education) (d=-0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI]=-0.84 to -0.07, p=.02), lasting not less than 6 months (d=-0.72; 95% CI=-1.15 to -0.29, p=.0010), and using a group approach (d=-0.46; 95% CI=-0.85 to -0.06, p=.02). Self-efficacy showed significant effects when HLSIs provided health education only (d=-0.55; 95% CI=-0.92 to -0.18; p=.003), lasted for less than 6 months (d=-0.40; 95% CI=-0.69 to -0.11, p=.006), and were conducted individually (d=-0.55; 95% CI=-0.92 to -0.18, p=.003). The physical outcomes (physical activity, fatigue, exercise capacity-VO2, exercise capacity-upper body, body mass index) revealed no statistical significance.
Conclusion
Areas of HLSIs for CACS requiring further study were identified, and needs and directions of research for holistic health management were suggested.

Citations

• Team Survivors: Preliminary Analysis of an Innovative Intervention to Promote Physical Activity in Survivors of Childhood Cancer and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
  Meghan K. Flannery, Jocelyn Morin, Katrina O’Malley, Debra Schmidt, Jennifer A. Hoag
  Children.2025; 12(4): 399.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of a healthy lifestyle program based on a mobile serious game for childhood cancer survivors: A quasi-randomized trial
  Kyung-ah Kang, Han-ho Kim, Shin-jeong Kim, In-hye Song, Min-jin Lee, Su-yong Lee, Sae-rom Han, Ki-hyuk Lee, So-won Kim, Hye-rin Nam, Mi-na Park, Hye-min Lee, Hee-jin Yoon
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2024; 77: 35.     CrossRef
• Barriers, facilitators, and other factors associated with health behaviors in childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors: A systematic review
  Ismay A. E. de Beijer, Eline Bouwman, Renée L. Mulder, Philippa Steensma, Morven C. Brown, Vera Araújo‐Soares, Magdalena Balcerek, Edit Bardi, Jeanette Falck Winther, Line Elmerdahl Frederiksen, Marloes van Gorp, Sara Oberti, Rebecca J. van Kalsbeek, Toma
  Cancer Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
This study investigated childhood cancer survivors' behavior related to a healthy lifestyle during their survival period by comparing reports between childhood cancer survivors and their parents.
Methods
In this comparative descriptive study, a survey was conducted with a 33-item questionnaire and one open-ended question about areas for improvement. The participants comprised 69 childhood cancer survivors and 69 of their parents, for a total of 138.
Results
The total mean healthy lifestyle score, on a 4-point Likert scale, reported by childhood cancer survivors was 2.97, while that reported by their parents was 3.03. No significant differences in children's healthy lifestyles were found between childhood cancer survivors' and their parents' reports (t=0.86, p=.390). For the open-ended question, the main keywords based on the results of degree and eigenvector centrality were "exercise", "unbalanced diet", and "food". These keywords were present in both the children's and parents' responses.
Conclusion
Obtaining information on childhood cancer survivors' healthy lifestyles based on reports from themselves and their parents provides meaningful insights into the improvement of health care management. The results of this study may be used to develop and plan healthy lifestyle standards to meet childhood cancer survivors' needs.

Citations

• Effectiveness of a healthy lifestyle program based on a mobile serious game for childhood cancer survivors: A quasi-randomized trial
  Kyung-ah Kang, Han-ho Kim, Shin-jeong Kim, In-hye Song, Min-jin Lee, Su-yong Lee, Sae-rom Han, Ki-hyuk Lee, So-won Kim, Hye-rin Nam, Mi-na Park, Hye-min Lee, Hee-jin Yoon
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2024; 77: 35.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study analyzed research trends related to childhood and adolescent cancer survivors (CACS) using word co-occurrence network analysis on studies registered in the Korean Citation Index (KCI).
Methods
This word co-occurrence network analysis study explored major research trends by constructing a network based on relationships between keywords (semantic morphemes) in the abstracts of published articles. Research articles published in the KCI over the past 10 years were collected using the Biblio Data Collector tool included in the NetMiner Program (version 4), using "cancer survivors", "adolescent", and "child" as the main search terms. After pre-processing, analyses were conducted on centrality (degree and eigenvector), cohesion (community), and topic modeling.
Results
For centrality, the top 10 keywords included "treatment", "factor", "intervention", "group", "radiotherapy", "health", "risk", "measurement", "outcome", and "quality of life". In terms of cohesion and topic analysis, three categories were identified as the major research trends: "treatment and complications", "adaptation and support needs", and "management and quality of life".
Conclusion
The keywords from the three main categories reflected interdisciplinary identification. Many studies on adaptation and support needs were identified in our analysis of nursing literature. Further research on managing and evaluating the quality of life among CACS must also be conducted.

Citations

• A Text Network Analysis of Nurse Managers’ Feedback Journals
  Naru Kang, Shinhye Ahn, Hye Won Jeong
  CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Evaluation of a Problem-Based Learning Program’s Effect on Artificial Intelligence Ethics among Japanese Medical Students: A Mixed-Methods Study (Preprint)
  Yuma Ota, Yoshikazu Asada, Saori Kubo, Takeshi Kanno, Machiko Saeki yagi, Yasushi Matsuyama
  JMIR Medical Education.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Artificial intelligence in healthcare administration: Topic modeling with InfraNodus
  Joko Gunawan
  Journal of Healthcare Administration.2024; 3(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Value co-creation in shared mobility: The case of carpooling in China
  Chao Tian, Kai Tu, Haiqing Sui, Qi Sun
  Technological Forecasting and Social Change.2024; 205: 123481.     CrossRef
• ChatGPT integration within nursing education and its implications for nursing students: A systematic review and text network analysis
  Joko Gunawan, Yupin Aungsuroch, Jed Montayre
  Nurse Education Today.2024; 141: 106323.     CrossRef
• Climate-Smart Agriculture: A Path to Sustainable Food Production
  Nuzhat Khan, Mohamad Anuar Kamaruddin, Usman Ullah Sheikh, Muhammad Paend Bakht, Mohd Norzali Haji Mohd
  Journal of Natural Science Review .2024; 2(Special.Is): 130.     CrossRef
• Exploring Korean adolescent stress on social media: a semantic network analysis
  JongHwi Song, JunRyul Yang, SooYeun Yoo, KyungIn Cheon, SangKyun Yun, YunHee Shin
  PeerJ.2023; 11: e15076.     CrossRef
• Research trends over 10 years (2010-2021) in infant and toddler rearing behavior by family caregivers in South Korea: text network and topic modeling
  In-Hye Song, Kyung-Ah Kang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2023; 29(3): 182.     CrossRef
• Perspectives of Frontline Nurses Working in South Korea during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Combined Method of Text Network Analysis and Summative Content Analysis
  SangA Lee, Tae Wha Lee, Seung Eun Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2023; 53(6): 584.     CrossRef
• An Overview of Cognitive Reserve in Aging Based on Keyword Network Analysis
  Jihyun Kim, Mi So Kim
  INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, .2022;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination research trends by visualizing a keyword network.
Methods
Articles about HPV vaccination were retrieved from the PubMed and Web of Science databases. A total of 1,448 articles published in 2006~2016 were selected. Keywords from the abstracts of these articles were extracted using the text mining program WordStat and standardized for analysis. Sixty-four keywords out of 287 were finally chosen after pruning. Social network analysis using NetMiner was applied to analyze the whole keyword network and the betweenness centrality of the network.
Results
According to the results of the social network analysis, the central keywords with high betweenness centrality included “health education”, “health personnel”, “parents”, “uptake”, “knowledge”, and “health promotion”.
Conclusion
To increase the uptake of HPV vaccination, health personnel should provide health education and vaccine promotion for parents and adolescents. Using social media, governmental organizations can offer accurate information that is easily accessible. School-based education will also be helpful.

Citations

• Application of Text Mining Techniques on Scholarly Research Articles: Methods and Tools
  Khusbu Thakur, Vinit Kumar
  New Review of Academic Librarianship.2022; 28(3): 279.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to identify the attributes of social adjustment among adolescent cancer survivors using concept analysis and to propose a definition of the concept.
Methods
In accordance with the hybrid model of concept analysis, this study employed a three-phase circular process comprising theoretical, fieldwork, and final analysis phases. A thorough literature review was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, and Korean databases, followed by qualitative fieldwork with seven participants. The results derived from the theoretical and fieldwork phases were integrated into the final analysis phase.
Results
Four attributes of social adjustment were found in adolescent cancer survivors: having harmonious relationships with friends, having harmonious relationships with boy/girlfriends, fulfilling their present roles, and planning for and expecting future roles. The following definition of social adjustment of adolescent cancer survivors is proposed: “the conquering of difficulties arising from the continuum of childhood cancer and the achievement of the developmental tasks of typical adolescents.”
Conclusion
Social adjustment of childhood cancer survivors is crucial for integrating them into society. The findings of this study provide a basis for developing an instrument to measure the social adjustment of adolescent cancer survivors and for developing of interventions that target this group.

Citations

• Personal recovery of adolescents with mental health conditions in the community: empirically-based practical implications
  Hila Tuaf, Hod Orkibi
  Israel Journal of Health Policy Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Development and Psychometric Testing of the Social Participation Scale for Pediatric Cancer Patients
  Wang Mengjia, Liu Guo, Li Dan, Ji Jinglan, Ma Zilong, Wang Qing, Guo Xinyan, Zhang Ruixing
  Psycho-Oncology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mediators of Social Acceptance Among Emerging Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer
  Sylvia L. Crowder, Rebecca H. Foster, Acadia W. Buro, Robyn Dillon, Kamar Godder, Marilyn Stern
  Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology.2023; 12(5): 644.     CrossRef
• Development and psychometric properties of the social adjustment scale for youth cancer survivors in South Korea
  Sumi Oh, Hyejung Lee, Sue Kim, Sanghee Kim, Chuhl Joo Lyu, Chang Gi Park, Hyoung Jin Kang
  Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing.2023; 10(7): 100241.     CrossRef
• Development and Validation of the Social Adjustment Scale for Adolescent Cancer Survivors
  Sumi Oh, hyejung Lee, Sue Kim, Sanghee Kim, Chuhl Joo Lyu, Chang-gi Park, Hyoung Jin Kang
  SSRN Electronic Journal .2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Research trends related to childhood and adolescent cancer survivors in South Korea using word co-occurrence network analysis
  Kyung-Ah Kang, Suk Jung Han, Jiyoung Chun, Hyun-Yong Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(3): 201.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate measurement properties of self-report questionnaires measuring the social adjustment for youth after treatment of childhood cancer.
Methods
Social adjustment measurement tools were identified through a two-stage systematic review. First, we searched for articles using self-report questionnaires to measure the social adjustment of youth after the treatment of childhood cancer. The appropriate tools were listed and categorized. Second, using methodological filters, we searched 5 electronic databases for articles examining the measurement properties of the tools when used with youth after the treatment of childhood cancer. The quality of these papers was then evaluated using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist.
Results
Eight tools were frequently used to measure social adjustment. Eight studies investigated the measurement properties of 4 of these tools. The PedsQL 4.0 and MMQL-AF had moderate to strong evidence in some domains, but the rest of the domains had a lack of evidence. The SF-36 and KIDSCREEN-27 were validated for only a few areas.
Conclusion
We found a lack of evidence regarding the measurement properties of these tools. More research is required on the measurement properties of tools for use in this population.

Citations

• Current status of systematic review studies on patient-reported outcome measures published in Korean journals
  Duck-Hee Chae, Jiyeon Lee, Eun-Hyun Lee
  Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2025; 36: 1.     CrossRef
• Self-esteem of acute leukemic children undergoing chemotherapy
  Fatma M.Z. Behiry, Mirret M. Darwish, Eman A.-F. Hassan, Mahmoud H. Mahmoud
  Egyptian Nursing Journal.2023; 20(1): 68.     CrossRef
• A Systematic Review of Measurement Properties of Spirituality related Assessment Tools Published in Korean Journals
  Il-Sun Ko, Jin Sook Kim, Soyoung Choi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursi.2021; 28(1): 133.     CrossRef
• Research trends related to childhood and adolescent cancer survivors in South Korea using word co-occurrence network analysis
  Kyung-Ah Kang, Suk Jung Han, Jiyoung Chun, Hyun-Yong Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(3): 201.     CrossRef
• Systematic Review of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index used for Measuring Sleep Quality among Adults with Trauma Experiences
  Go-Un Kim, Ju Hee Lee
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(4): 337.     CrossRef

Purpose
The main purpose of this study was to explore the adaptation experience of adolescent cancer survivors during and after cancer treatment, and their perceived social support networks.
Methods
This study was a qualitative descriptive study using the in-depth interview. Eight adolescent cancer survivors who were diagnosed with cancer between 11 to 18 years old participated in the study.
Results
The adaptation experiences of adolescent cancer survivors over time were identified within five categories for during their treatment such as “being catapulted from one’s life,” “standing at the center of discomfort,” “falling behind the line,” “accepting the change,” “being developed”, and another five categories for after the treatment including “being shackled,” “encountering the forgotten reality,” “overcoming and emerging from the reality,” “growing into adulthood,” “entering into a new orbit.” Participants reported the various members of their social support network and their roles during and after the treatment as well.
Conclusion
While adolescent cancer survivors adjusted to their changing situations after the cancer diagnosis, their internalized adaptation, as well as perceived social support from their diverse surrounding network, played significant roles. These findings will become a valuable asset for developing age-appropriate nursing interventions to promote psychosocial adjustment of adolescents with cancer.

Citations

• Development and Psychometric Testing of the Social Participation Scale for Pediatric Cancer Patients
  Wang Mengjia, Liu Guo, Li Dan, Ji Jinglan, Ma Zilong, Wang Qing, Guo Xinyan, Zhang Ruixing
  Psycho-Oncology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Dismissal, distrust, and dismay: A phenomenological exploration of young women’s diagnostic experiences with endometriosis and subsequent support
  Georgina Wren, Jenny Mercer
  Journal of Health Psychology.2022; 27(11): 2549.     CrossRef
• Self-efficacy, post-traumatic growth, and quality of life of pediatric cancer survivors: A cross-sectional study
  Yeunhee Kwak, Yoonjung Kim, Eun Seok Choi, Ho Joon Im
  European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2021; 54: 102019.     CrossRef
• Difficulty in returning to school among adolescent leukemia survivors: A qualitative descriptive study
  Hyeran An, Sunhee Lee
  European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2019; 38: 70.     CrossRef
• Measurement Properties of Self-Report Questionnaires Measuring the Social Adjustment for Youth after Treatment of Childhood Cancer: Systematic Review
  Su-Mi Oh, Sun-Young Park, Hye-Jung Lee, Ju Hee Lee
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(1): 78.     CrossRef
• Development of Parent Coaching Domains for the Health Management of Childhood Leukemia Survivors
  Sung Hyun Lim, Won-Oak Oh
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(1): 68.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The study aimed to identity specific needs for services and programs to help childhood cancer survivors adjust and adapt to life after treatment.
METHODS
In-depth interviews were conducted with 31 childhood cancer survivors, diagnosed with cancer before the age of 18 and currently between 15 and 39 years of age. Each survivor had completed his/her cancer treatment.
RESULTS
The participating cancer survivors reported needs for services related to psychological counseling, schooling and learning, social skills, mentorship, integrated health management, self support activities, families of survivors, and public recognition and awareness.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study indicate a need to better understand childhood cancer survivors, provides a basis for developing various services and programs to improve the quality of life among childhood cancer patients, survivors, and their families, and supports the importance of psychosocial adjustment.

Citations

• GPT-empowered question-answer dataset for informative and empathetic support for Korean childhood cancer survivors
  Kyubum Hwang, Mirae Kim, Min Ah Kim, Chaerim Park, Yehwi Park, Chungyeon Lee, Jooyoung Lim, Hayoung Oh
  Expert Systems with Applications.2026; 298: 129548.     CrossRef
• Measure of perceived social support from family, friends, and healthcare providers for Korean adolescents and young adults with cancer
  Heeyeon Son, Sungsil Hong, Michin Hong, Susan G. Silva
  Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing.2023; 10(7): 100244.     CrossRef
• Development and psychometric properties of the social adjustment scale for youth cancer survivors in South Korea
  Sumi Oh, Hyejung Lee, Sue Kim, Sanghee Kim, Chuhl Joo Lyu, Chang Gi Park, Hyoung Jin Kang
  Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing.2023; 10(7): 100241.     CrossRef
• How do they grow out of their cancer experience? Korean adolescent and young adult cancer survivors’ stories
  Jaehee Yi, Min Ah Kim, Jesmin Akter
  Ethnicity & Health.2021; 26(8): 1163.     CrossRef
• Self-efficacy, post-traumatic growth, and quality of life of pediatric cancer survivors: A cross-sectional study
  Yeunhee Kwak, Yoonjung Kim, Eun Seok Choi, Ho Joon Im
  European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2021; 54: 102019.     CrossRef
• Korean parents’ perceptions of the challenges and needs on school re-entry during or after childhood and adolescent cancer: a multi-institutional survey by Korean Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
  Jun Ah Lee, Jae Min Lee, Hyeon Jin Park, Meerim Park, Byung Kiu Park, Hee Young Ju, Ji Yoon Kim, Sang Kyu Park, Young Ho Lee, Ye Jee Shim, Heung Sik Kim, Kyung Duk Park, Yeon-Jung Lim, Hee Won Chueh, Ji Kyoung Park, Soon Ki Kim, Hyoung Soo Choi, Hyo Seop
  Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2020; 63(4): 141.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of the TSL® Program for Parents of Children With Cancer
  Kwonho Choi, Jae Yop Kim
  Research on Social Work Practice.2018; 28(2): 146.     CrossRef
• Adaptation Experience and Social Support Network of Adolescent Cancer Survivors
  Eunji Cho, Eun Sook Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(2): 238.     CrossRef
• Exploration of life experiences of positive growth in long-term childhood cancer survivors
  Yoonjung Kim
  European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2017; 30: 60.     CrossRef
• Worries of childhood cancer survivors in young adulthood
  Jaehee Yi, Min Ah Kim, Jina Sang
  European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2016; 21: 113.     CrossRef
• Childhood cancer survivors' experiences in school re-entry in South Korea: Focusing on academic problems and peer victimization
  Jaehee Yi, Min Ah Kim, Jun Sung Hong, Jesmin Akter
  Children and Youth Services Review.2016; 67: 263.     CrossRef
• Health-related Needs and Quality of Life in Childhood Cancer Survivors
  Su-Jin Lim
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2015; 15(4): 246.     CrossRef
• Postcancer Experiences of Childhood Cancer Survivors: How Is Posttraumatic Stress Related to Posttraumatic Growth?
  Jaehee Yi, Min Ah Kim
  Journal of Traumatic Stress.2014; 27(4): 461.     CrossRef
• Impact of psychological and cancer-related factors on HRQoL for Korean childhood cancer survivors
  Myung Ah Rhee, Kyong Mee Chung, Yuri Lee, Hana K. Choi, Jung Woo Han, Hyo Sun Kim, Sun Hee Kim, Yoon Jung Shin, Chuhl Joo Lyu
  Quality of Life Research.2014; 23(9): 2603.     CrossRef
• Perceived long-term and physical health problems after cancer: Adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer in Korea
  Jaehee Yi, Min Ah Kim, Tian Tian
  European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2014; 18(2): 145.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Logotherapy on Meaning of Life of Early Adolescents with Cancer
  Shin-Jeong Kim, Kyung-Ah Kang, Sun-Jeong Park, Myung-Nam Lee, Young-Hee Kim
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2013; 13(1): 49.     CrossRef
• Psychological Distress in Adolescent and Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer in Korea
  Min Ah Kim, Jaehee Yi
  Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing.2013; 30(2): 99.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to identify high school students' knowledge and attitude about cancer, and to examine the relation between these variables.
METHODS
The participants were 811 students from 8 high schools in U city. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients, ANOVA and Duncan test with SPSS/WIN 12.0.
RESULTS
The score for participants' knowledge about cancer was 18.88 out of a possible 30, and their score for attitude towards cancer was 34.74 points of a possible 50. There were significant differences in knowledge about cancer according to gender, religion, school grades and worries about cancer. The attitude towards cancer showed significant differences according to worries about cancer and family atmosphere. The health behaviors were also statistically affected by factors like whether one smoked or not, health condition and harmony of family life. There was a significant positive correlation between attitude towards cancer and health behavior for cancer prevention. Attitude towards cancer and health behavior for cancer prevention showed a positive correlation with knowledge about cancer.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that the development of an appropriate attitude towards cancer by high school students should lead to the practice of health behavior to prevent cancer. This development could be enhanced with structured and on-going education about cancer.

Citations

• Factors related to Cancer Preventive Behavior among Patients with Early Gastric Cancer who Underwent Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
  Sunghye Choo, Sanghee Kim, Yong Chan Lee, Eunsung Kim
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2023; 23(2): 47.     CrossRef
• The Moyamoya Health Behavior Scale for Adolescent Patients: Measurement Tool Development and Psychometric Evaluation
  Won-oak Oh, Insun Yeom, Sung-Hyun Lim, Dong-Seok Kim, Kyu-won Shim
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(8): 4064.     CrossRef
• Breast Education Improves Adolescent Girls' Breast Knowledge, Attitudes to Breasts and Engagement With Positive Breast Habits
  Atefeh Omrani, Joanna Wakefield-Scurr, Jenny Smith, Ross Wadey, Nicola Brown
  Frontiers in Public Health.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Development and Psychometric Properties of A Survey to Assess Breast Knowledge and Attitudes of Adolescent Girls
  Atefeh Omrani, Joanna Wakefield-Scurr, Jenny Smith, Nicola Brown
  American Journal of Health Education.2019; 50(6): 374.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Breast-Self Examination among Middle and High School Girls
  Shin Jeong Kim, Jung Min Lee, Hae Young Min, Hye Young Min
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(2): 147.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Preventive Health Behaviors for Cancer in Undergraduates*
  Ya Ki Yang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursi.2015; 22(1): 59.     CrossRef
• Knowledge, Attitude, and Preventive Health Behavior of Cancer in Middle-aged Men
  Youngrye Park, Hwee Wee
  The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2014; 17(2): 97.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Practices of Health Behavior for Cancer Prevention in University Students
  Youn Na Lee, In Soo Kwon
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2014; 14(2): 109.     CrossRef
• A Study on the Knowledge, Attitudes, Cancer Preventive Dietary Behavior, and Lifestyles of Adults in the Jeonbuk Area
  Jeongok Rho, Suyoun Choi
  Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2013; 22(1): 201.     CrossRef
• Development and Verification of the Effect of Health Lifestyle Education Program for Cancer Prevention in Late School-aged Children
  Mi-Hye Cho, In-Soo Kwon
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2012; 18(4): 192.     CrossRef
• Relationships between Knowledge, Attitude and Preventive Health Behavior about Cancer in University Students
  Ick-Jee Kim, Sang-Hee Kim
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2012; 12(1): 44.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was designed to analyze recent trends in pediatric oncology research in Korea and suggest future research directions in this area. METHOD: Studies (105) selected from http://www.riss4u.net for last 15 yr were used. They were analyzed by publication type, field and design of the study, study participants, main theme, and outcome variables used in intervention studies.
RESULTS
1. Of the 105 studies, 67 were master and doctoral dissertations and 49.5% of studies were conducted in nursing. 2. There were 73 (69.5%) quantitative studies and 20 (19.1%) qualitative research studies and the most frequently used study design was that of a descriptive study. 3. Children with cancer undergoing treatment and their parents, mostly mothers, were the participants most frequently studied. 4. Most themes were psychological/spiritual problems, coping, and family function. 5. Most frequently measured outcome variables were nausea/vomiting, fear/anxiety and adjustment.
CONCLUSION
The results indicate that future research should include more well-designed intervention studies to develop new intervention protocols and to confirm the effect of previous study findings. It is also necessary to use an interdisciplinary approach to deal with physical and psychosocial needs of these children and their families including siblings and fathers of children with cancer.

Citations

• Health-related Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
  Yu Min Hwang, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(4): 402.     CrossRef
• Trends in Research on Adolescent Suicide Interventions
  Hun Ha Cho, Jung Mi Kang, Won Soon Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(4): 393.     CrossRef
• A Systematic Review of Interventions with Siblings of Pediatric Cancer Patients
  Soo-yeon Han, Ji-Hye Hwang, Cho-hee Kim, Hye-young Jang, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(3): 394.     CrossRef
• An Ethnographic Research on Psychological Experiences of Mothers Caring for their Children with Recurent Cancer
  Seong-Heui Kim
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2015; 15(2): 75.     CrossRef
• Ethnographic Research on Adjustment of Mothers Caring for their Cancer Children in Korea
  Seong-Heui Kim, Eun-Kwang Yoo
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2015; 21(3): 216.     CrossRef
• Impact of psychological and cancer-related factors on HRQoL for Korean childhood cancer survivors
  Myung Ah Rhee, Kyong Mee Chung, Yuri Lee, Hana K. Choi, Jung Woo Han, Hyo Sun Kim, Sun Hee Kim, Yoon Jung Shin, Chuhl Joo Lyu
  Quality of Life Research.2014; 23(9): 2603.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Logotherapy on Meaning of Life of Early Adolescents with Cancer
  Shin-Jeong Kim, Kyung-Ah Kang, Sun-Jeong Park, Myung-Nam Lee, Young-Hee Kim
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2013; 13(1): 49.     CrossRef
• Trends in Research on Caregivers Hospitalized Children in Korea-Focus on Knowledge Type
  In-soo Kwon, Yeong-mi Seo, Ji-youn Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2012; 18(3): 101.     CrossRef
• Trends in Research on Hospice Care in Korea
  Young Eun Lee, Eun Joung Choi
  The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2011; 14(3): 152.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to identify factors associated with fatigue in pediatric patients with cancer in order to develop nursing interventions for this population.
METHODS
The participants were 95 pediatric cancer patients admitted to a university medical center in Seoul, Korea, and 95 parents. The PedsQL(TM), Multidimensional Fatigue Scale developed by Varni (2002) was used to measure fatigue. Data were analyzed with the SAS program and t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression were used to identify the association of factors with fatigue.
RESULTS
The mean score for fatigue was 30.42 in the pediatric cancer patients and 34.77 in the parents. Fatigue was higher in patients living with a single parent, in patients whose father had a lower education and those patients with a fever. Pain, frequency and intensity of nausea and vomiting, depression, anxiety, and disruption of usual activity were positively associated with fatigue. The predictive factors for fatigue were disruption of usual activity, depression and living with or without parents.
CONCLUSION
Pediatric patients with cancer experienced fatigue during their diagnosis and treatment. Of the multiple factors associated with fatigue, the association between disruption of usual activity and fatigue was the highest indicating a need to be concerned with this factor when providing interventions to alleviate fatigue.

Citations

• Health Impaired Children's Participation Experience of Hospital School Programs as Perceived by Mothers
  Hyun Jung Yun
  Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2015; 29(3): 515.     CrossRef
• Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents with Cancer
  Jung-Won Lee, Ji-Eun Han, Ho-Ran Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2013; 19(1): 21.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The main purpose of this study was to observe the adaptation experience process of adolescents with hematologic malignancies. METHODS: The Grounded Theory Method, developed by Strauss & Corbin (1998), was used in this study. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with 10 adolescents with cancer. Data collection and analysis occurred concurrently. Theoretical sampling technique was used until the data reached saturation.
RESULTS
"A deviated life" was verified as the central phenomenon for adolescents with cancer. The adaptation experience process was divided into 3 steps: "Self-confusion", "Reinterpretation", and "Regeneration of self". Through these 3 steps, the adolescents with hematologic malignancies fitted a new life by self-integration. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide a frame for individualized nursing intervention strategies in helping with the psychosocial adaptation of adolescents with hematologic malignancies.

Citations

• Grieving among Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Situational Analysis.
  Juhye Jin
  Child Health Nursing Research.2014; 20(1): 49.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the predictors influencing on resilience in adolescents with cancer.
METHODS
The participants consisted of 107 parents and 107 adolescents who aged ten and eighteen diagnosed with cancer more than six months and currently receiving outpatient treatment or further management after off-therapy. Data was collected using self-report questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression.
RESULTS
Resilience was significantly different by religion (t=2.472, p=.045) and number of cancer treatment regimens (F=3.155, p=.047). Family problem-solving communication was also significant by number of cancer treatment regimens (F=3.582, p=.031). The higher social support showed the stronger family hardiness and the better family problem-solving communication. In addition, a positive relationship was found between Family Hardiness Index (FHI) (r=.193, p=.046), Family Problem Solving Communication (FPSC) (r=.226, p=.019) and resilience of adolescents with cancer. FPSC (beta=.356, p=.045) and religion (beta=.441, p=.002) were predictive factors at ages 10-12, FHI (beta=.509, p=.029) and FPSC (beta=.503, p=.037) were predictive factors at ages 13-15 on resilience of adolescents with cancer that explained 16.0% and 24.3% respectively.
CONCLUSION
The findings suggest that nursing interventions should focus on enhancing family resilience and resilience of adolescents with cancer.

Citations

• Structural Equation Model for Psychosocial Adjustment of Breast Cancer Survivors Based on Family Resilience Model
  Jiyoung Seo, Myungsun Yi
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2022; 34(2): 178.     CrossRef
• Adaptation Experience and Social Support Network of Adolescent Cancer Survivors
  Eunji Cho, Eun Sook Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(2): 238.     CrossRef
• Predictors of Resilience in Adolescents with Leukemia
  Sung Sil Hong, Ho Ran Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2015; 45(4): 595.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to provide basic data for developing nursing interventions to enhance quality of life of pediatric patients with cancer (children and adolescents) by examining the quality of life and related factors.
METHODS
Participants were 134; 67 pediatric patients and 67 parents. The PedsQL(TM) 3.0 Cancer Module was employed to measure quality of life in the participants. The related factors included general and clinical characteristics of the participants.
RESULTS
Mean score for quality of life in the patients was 75.07, and mean score for patient quality of life as perceived by their parents was 64.40. Among the quality of life subscales, treatment anxiety had the highest score whereas nausea had the lowest score. Mean score in adolescent patients (13-18 years of age) was 71.62, lower than the 78.04 for child patients (8-12 years of age). Regarding general and clinical characteristics of the participants, there were no significant differences in the scores.
CONCLUSION
The results indicate that there is difference in perception of quality of life between patients and their parents, and between children and adolescents and these differences should be taken into account when planning and providing nursing care.

Citations

• The Effects of Illness Cognition on Resilience and Quality of Life in Korean Adolescents and Young Adults with Leukemia
  Ju-Young Lee, Dae-Chul Jeong, Nack-Gyun Chung, Sunhee Lee
  Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology.2019; 8(5): 610.     CrossRef
• A Validation Study of Child Health-6 Dimension (CH-6D), a Generic Preference-Based Health-Related Quality of Life Measure
  강은정, 한겨레
  JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF MATERNAL AND CHIL.2018; 22(1): 53.     CrossRef
• Health-Related Quality of Life in the Early Childhood of Premature Children.
  Eun Hee Lim, Hyeon Ok Ju
  Child Health Nursing Research.2015; 21(1): 37.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Perceived Parental Rearing Behaviors on Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents with Leukemia
  Dong Hee Kim, Nack-Gyun Chung, Sunhee Lee
  Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing.2015; 32(5): 295.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The objective of this study was to provide an understanding of the difficulties for facing parents of children with terminal cancer.
METHOD
The design of this study was an inductive and descriptive study. Thirty-one parents of children with terminal cancer participated in-depth were interviewed s. C in depth and content analysis was used for analyzing the data.
RESULTS
The main categories in the findings were 'difficulties in coping', 'physical and psychological suffering of children', 'suffering of family', 'bereavement with children', 'economic problems', 'incurable situation', 'preparation of death', 'social isolation', 'coping after a child dies', 'spiritual problems', receiving active treatment', 'informing children of their condition', 'a sense of meaninglessness', 'emotional iunstability', and 'giving up hope'.
CONCLUSION
The main point identified from this result in this study was that parents who have a child with terminal cancer don't never give up the hope of recovery for their child even when the child is in by the terminal stage of their children, even though and they are unwillingly to prepare for their child's death. This is a unique characteristic in the attitude of the families' attitude in child hospice care and differs from that found in adult hospice care. This result can be used as an important guide for nurses to in assessing the parents' needs in the terminal care setting.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a tool to assess the need for child hospice care in families of children with cancer.
METHOD
The research design was a methodological study. The tool was developed in 4 stages : first, preliminary items were developed based on a questionnaire about the needs for child hospice care that was given to 20 families of children with cancer; second, a panel of specialists reduced the number of preliminary items using 3 validity tests for the content; third, final items were selected from the results of a pre-test. Finally, from February to July 2004, reliability and validity were tested with a sample of 104 families who had a child with cancer.
RESULTS
The final tool on the need for child hospice care consisted of 22 items and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .93. Using factor analysis, 5 factors were extracted and these factors explained 69% of the total variance.
CONCLUSION
The instrument, for assessing the need for child hospice care in families of children with cancer, developed in this study was identified as a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. In this sense, this tool can be effectively utilized for implementing and improving hospice care for children with cancer.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to identify resiliency factor, to test causal relationship and effect of resiliency factors on adaptation in families of children with cancer. A conceptual framework was constructed based on McCubbin's resiliency model. Hypotheses were tested with empirical data.
METHOD
Data were collected using self-report questionnaire from 232 families of children with cancer. The collected data were analyzed using the SAS program and LISREL program for covariance structural analysis.
RESULT
Family hardiness and problem-solving coping had significant direct effects on adaptation in families of children with cancer. Social support had significant indirect and total effect on adaptation. Family Schema had significant direct effect on family hardiness and problem-solving coping. Problem-solving communication had a significant direct effect on family hardiness and an indirect effect on family functioning and problem-solving coping. Among the resiliency factors, family hardiness had the greatest effect on adaptation in family of children with cancer.
CONCLUSION
The findings suggest that nursing interventions to enhance family hardiness, problem-solving coping and social support would result in an increase in adaptation in families of children with cancer. An integrated intervention that emphasizes and promotes resiliency factors should be developed and established for families of children with cancer.

PURPOSE
This study was to confirm the effect of acupressure on the emesis control and the weight change among pediatric cancer patients receiving anti-cancer chemotherapy.
METHOD
Forty pediatric cancer patients, receiving the induction stage of chemotherapy with MTX and vincristine, were divided into control(n=20) and the intervention group(n=20). Both groups received regular anti-emesis medication, but the intervention group was added acupressure maneuver for 5 minutes on P6 point for 3 times a day for 5days: before chemotherapy, lunch and dinner by investigator during the hospitalization and by mother at home. The instruments for this study were Rhode's(1986) Index of nausea, vomiting and retching(INVR), Cas electric scale and pamphlet developed by researcher.
RESULT
Significant differences in the degree of nausea and vomiting were observed between the control and the intervention group as measured by INVR(t=4.73; p=.01). Repeated measures ANOVA also shows that the group effect was significant(F=22.39, P=.01) as was the time effect(F=380.35, P=.01). The group by time interaction was also significant(F=5.27, P=.01). Acupressure maneuver was apparently effective in reducing the degree of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. There were also statistically significant weight loss noted in the control group than the intervention group(t=5.42, p=.01).
CONCLUSION
Acupressure on P6 point shows an effective adjunct maneuver in reducing the degree of nausea and vomiting and conserving the weight in pediatric cancer patients. Therefore, it is proposed that acupressure should be applied as supportive nursing intervention strategies to relieve chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting and to prevent weight loss in pediatric cancer patients.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compare psychosocial adjustment in children aged 4-11 years with cancer between on and off treatment.
METHOD
The data was collected from parents of children with cancer through interviews with structured questionnaire at the pediatric outpatient department and inpatient ward of one university hospital located in Seoul. The instrument were the Child Behavior Check List(CBCL) developed by Achenbach(1991) and revised to standardize for Korean children by Oh et al(1997).
RESULT
Total behavior problem score for children on treatment was greater than the score off treatment but there was no significant difference. Children on treatment reported higher levels of depression/anxiety, withdrawal, internalizing scores than children off treatment. Social competence score of children off treatment was greater than the score on treatment and the difference of school performance score of children between on and off treatment was not significant. The scores on the withdrawal, somatic complaints, social immaturity, internalizing scales in the cancer group including both on and off treatment was greater than normative findings in the general population. The scores on the school competence of children off treatment were lower than the norms for healthy children.
CONCLUSION
Findings from this study support the importance of nursing interventions to facilitate the adjustment of children with cancer both on and off therapy.

Families of children with cancer face many illness-related demands. The perceived social support is a critical resource for the family adaptation process. And the patterns of family adaptation to childhood cancer varies as characteristics of disease, which is prognosis, the influence of cognition function, and treatment process. The conceptual definition of social support is not unidimensional. However, most studies focus on general aspect of mediating effects on adaptation. Diverse dimensions of perceived social support should be considered in its effectiveness for intervention. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine whether family's perceived social support influences the family adaptation of family with pediatric cancer and what dimension influences mostly in family adaptation as the characteristics of disease in the family of children with cancer. The subject was consisted of 102 families with pediatric cancer who had been diagnosed as leukemia or brain tumor last 2 years. Those families had participated in the education program or meetings for family who have with pediatric cancer children. The measurement for this study were Personal Resource Questionnaire (PRQ) Part- ll developed by Brandt and Weinert to measure parents' perceived social support, and the McCubbin's Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) to measure family coping. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; Regression analysis showed that perceived social support has effect on family adaptation with beta=.43, p < .01. In the group of family of child with leukemia, social support as general has effect on adaptation (beta=.40, p < .01) and specially, social support perceived as intimacy was strongly effect on family adaptation. And In the group of brain tumor, Social support has effect on adaptation(beta=.46, p < .01) and among the social support domains, the self esteem dimension was most predictable to family adaptation. In conclusion, the perceived social support is a predictor on family adaptation and useful vehicle to help family who has child with pediatric cancer. An important clinical implication is that specified support program for intervention may be useful and critical for the family who has diverse pediatric conditions of childhood cancer. Further studies should stress the effects of family support for clinical intervention and is needed with diverse stage of development and pediatric conditions.

The main purpose of this methodological study was to develop an assessment tool and intervention protocol for child and family with childhood cancer at early diagnosis stage. The assessment tool and intervention protocol was developed by extensive literature review and consultation with experts. Review of nine domestic and sixty-six international journal articles were done to identify stress, interventions, coping strategies and adjustment of children with cancer and their family.
Results
were as follows; First, assessment at the early diagnosis stage need to include information on patient, family, and patient/family attitude toward diagnosis and treatment. Second, intervention protocol for children with cancer includes control physical symptoms, manage the side effects of chemotherapy and diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, control emotional responses, provide support and information, assist decision-making and adjust to environment. Third, intervention protocol for family includes controlling emotional responses, provision of informations, inducing family support to patient, improving family cohesion, supporting siblings and supporting spiritual growth. In conclusion, the early diagnosis stage in cancer treatment is important for child and family since this stage greatly affects the overall adjustment of child and family to live with cancer. Therefore, pediatric nurses need to be sensitive to the need of patient/family and systematically manage their needs at this stage.

As a family respond to any stressful situation as a whole system, cancer diagnosis of a child, as a serious life event, could be emotional shock to destroy homeostasis of the family system. A family has a resilient capacity to adjust and adapt to stressful events. Previous studies have been focused on family stress and adaptation, but little attention has been given to family value as one of resilient factors. The data for model testing were collected from July 18, 2000 to August 30, 2000 and the analysis included 309 parents of children who are diagnosed as cancer, 18 or less years of age, and treated either hospitalized or at the outpatient clinics. The data analysis utilized SAS 6.12 and LISREL 8 for descriptive statistics, correlation, cluster analysis, factor analysis, and LISREL. The study findings are as follows. 1) Monthly income ( gamma =-0.28, t=-5.81) was the most important factor to explain family strain along with family support ( gamma =-0.11, t=-2.43), severity of children's illness ( gamma =0.26, t=5.22), and family stressor ( gamma =0.22, t=4.62). All of these factors together explained 40% of variance in family strain. 2) Among general family value, the relationship with the parents ( gamma =0.28, t=4.89) and relationship with the children ( gamma =0.20, t=3.60) showed positive effects to family value for cancer children, while relationship with the spouse ( gamma =-0.19, t=-3.22) and the age of the cancer children ( gamma =-0.11, t=-2.21) showed negative effects. These predictors together explained 22% of variance in family value for cancer children. 3)Family hardiness was explained mostly by family strain ( gamma =-0.53, t=-8.65) along with direct negative effects of family persistency and indirect negative effects of severity of children's illness, family stressor, relationship with the spouse, and the children's age. Family value for cancer children was the most important predictor with positive effect ( gamma =0.44, t=6.76) along with indirect effects of monthly income, relationship with the parents, relationship with the children, support from family and significant others, and confidence with the health professionals. 51% of variance in family hardiness was explained by all of these predictors. 4)The most important predictor for family adaptation was family stressor ( gamma =-0.50, t=-6.85) with direct and indirect negative effects along with the severity of children's illness ( gamma =-0.27, t=-5.21). However, family value for cancer children showed compromised total effect ( gamma =-0.13, t=-1.99) with negative direct effects ( gamma =-0.28, t=-3.43) and positive indirect effects ( gamma =0.14, t=3.01). Similarly, confidence with the health professionals also showed compromised total effect ( gamma =0.09, t=1.99) with positive direct effects and negative indirect effects. Family hardiness showed the biggest positive direct effects while other factors such as monthly income, family stressor, family persistence, support of family and significant others, relationship with the parents, relationship with the children, and relationship with the spouse, and children's age showed indirect effects only. 39% of variance in family adaptation was explained by all of these predictors.

The family value is expected to play a crucial role in adjusting a new environment for the family, especially in the critical situation as having a child with cancer in the family. The purpose of the study was to analyze the family values of the family with cancer children in order to offer descriptive data, which will facilitate family adjustment with cancer children. The survey was conducted from July 18, 2000 to August 30, 2000 and the analysis included 309 parents of the children who have been diagnosed as cancer, 18 years of age or less, and treated either hospitalized or at the outpatient clinics. Two instruments were used to measure family value. The modified form of General family value scale was 18 items with a 5 points of Likert response format (Cronbach alpha= .78) and Family value scale was developed for the study with 12 items on a 5 points of Likert response format(Cronbach alpha= .73). The data analysis utilized SAS 6.12 for percentage, frequency, Mean, and t-test of demographic characteristics and mean, F score, ANOVA, and Duncan follow-up test of variable relationships. The study findings were as follows. 1) In General family value, the fathers gave the higher scores to 'The children should live with their parents'(M=4.01), and 'A parents and their children are like one body' (M=3.91). The item with lowest score was 'Its not impossible for man to have extramarital relationship'(M=1.92). The mothers thought the most important items were 'A parents and their children are like one body'(M=3.79), and 'A wife needs to be patient to keep harmony of the family' (M=3.56), and the item with lowest score was 'Its not impossible for man to have extramarital relationship'(M=1.44). 2) The mean scores of the mothers were higher than the fathers for all items in family value with cancer children, while fathers gave more points for items in general family value. Both of parents gave the highest score to 'The health of the family is most important to me'(M=4.85 for fathers, M=4.97 for mothers), and followed by 'The husband and wife need to be patient and understand each other to overcome the difficulties'. The item with lowest scores was 'The parents can have conflicts in making decisions since their child was sick'(M=3.34 for fathers, M=3.37 for mothers). 3) There were significant differences between fathers and mothers in items of General family value; fathers gave more points to the items of 'The children should live with their parents', 'Its essential to hold the ceremony to respect their forefathers', 'Its not impossible for man to have extramarital relationship', 'A woman with two daughters should have one more baby to succeed the generation', 'The husbands are responsible for the household economy', and 'When his mother and wife dont get along, the man should be on his mothers side'. However, there was no significant difference between fathers and mothers in items of Family value with cancer children. 4) The general family value was significantly different by the birth order of cancer children, mothers age, mothers education level, and types of payment. On the other hand, the family value with cancer children was significantly different by the age of cancer children, period of illness, period after completing treatment, family type, the number of family members, and the number of total children.

The purposes of the study were to develop an instrument for family value and to identify the relationships of family value, family hardiness, and family adaptation by appling the family value scale to family with cancer children. The study was conducted in three phases. 1) A survey was conducted from July 20 to August 20, 1999 and 18 items of general family value scale was modified from the data of 153 fathers and 164 mothers. 2) In-depth interviews were made with 29 parents of cancer children from April 20, 1998 to May 20, 1999 to develop family value scale with cancer children, and 12 statements were developed. 3) The final survey was conducted from July 18, 2000 to August 30, 2000 and the data from 309 parents of children who are diagnosed as cancer, 18 or less years of age, and treated either hospitalized or at the outpatient clinics were analyzed to identify the relationships of the concepts. The data analysis utilized SAS 6.12 and LISREL 8 for descriptive statistics, correlation, and Regression for path analysis. The study findings are as follows. The psychometric testing of general family value scale was Cronbach's alpha = 0.78. The reliability of the family value scale with cancer children showed the reliability as Cronbach's alpha = 0.73. Demographic characteristics showing significant correlations were cancer children's age, period of illness, period after completing treatment, mother's age, mother's education level, monthly income, payment type, confidence with health professional, and severity of children's illness. The correlation coefficients among major variables showed that family stressor was positively related with family strains(r=0.33, p < .001), and negatively related with family hardiness(r=-0.21, p < .001). Family strains was negatively related with family hardiness(r= -0.41, p < .001) and family adaptation(r=-0.46, p < .001). Correlations of family hardiness was positive with family value with cancer children(r=-0.31, p < .001), and negative with general family value(r=-0.16, p < .01). Family hardiness was positively related with family adaptation(r=0.35, p < .001). The causal relationship between study variables showed that family strains predicts general family value( gamma =0.12, t=2.02), family value with cancer children predicts family hardiness( gamma =0.31, t=6.30), family strains predicts family hardiness( gamma =-0.40, t=-7.70), family value with cancer children predicts family adaptation( gamma =-0.23, t=-4.11), and family hardiness predicts family adaptation( gamma =0.43, t=7.78).

The purpose of the descriptive correlation study was to examine relations among the hope, the burden and the family function in mothers caring for children with cancer. 145 mothers completed the three questionaires of the study divided into tree sections: a) The Hope Scale, b) The Burden Scale, c) FACES-lll. The collected data was analysed with t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results were as follows: 1) The average age of mothers of children with cancer was 35.6 years old and the ages between 30 to 39 were the most abundant. 57.3% of the mothers had an education level of below high school education and 66.0% had religion. The average age of the children was 8.6 years old. Ages between 1 to 7 were the most and 60.8% were diagnosed as leukemia. 2) Regarding the section of degree of burden, mothers of children with cancer marked 2.6 out of 5, and the degree of hope 3.2 out of 4. The result for family function came out to be 3.5 out of 5, an average of family cohesion of 3.9 and family adaptation of 3.1. 3) There were significantly less burden to the mothers who were living together with a spouse compared to the mothers who were not. Also mothers who replied that they preserved good health came out to be exposed to less burden compared to the mothers who did not. In analysing hope according to the general characteristics of mothers of children with cancer, mothers who were employed marked high in the degree of hope compared to unemployed mothers. Furthermore, the degree of family cohesion marked higher with mothers who had higher education of college graduate, mothers with religion and mothers with a monthly family income of over W3,000,000, compared to the group of mothers with lower education of high school graduate, non-religious or with a monthly family income of less than W1,000,000. 4) Excluding the fact that the group sorted with children diagnosed as leukemia marked a perceivably high score regarding family cohesion, compared to groups with other cancers, the degree of burden, hope and family cohesion did not show any noticeable difference according to characteristics of children with different cancers. 5) In the correlation of the hope, the burden and the family function regarding the mothers of children with cancer, the burden did not have any manifest relationship with hope or family function. However, the degree of hope and family function cohesion had a direct proportional relationship, as family cohesion marked higher when the degree of hope were high.

The goal of this study was to develop a method to measure the degree of hope of mothers whom their children have cancer. Data collection was held on 144 mothers who had their children diagnosed as cancer, and were treated in C hospital and S hospital located in Seoul. The data was collected from January to August of the year 1999, and collected data was then computerized for T-test, factor analysis and ANOVA. The results are as follows: 1) The measurement method used to measure the degree of hope was divided into 7 categories and composed of 35 questions in total. The level of confidence was 0.90. The 7 categories were named 'gaining insight into life' , 'realizing oneself's own role in life' , 'attempting a change in life' , 'taking in destiny' , 'having trust in the treatment being held out by the medical faculty' , 'recognizing or escaping from reality''obtaining support from religion' respectively. 2) The average score of mothers with cancer children was 3.22. The 6th category 'recognizing or escaping from reality' , had the highest score and the 1st category of 'gaining insight into life' the lowest. 3) The degree of hope did not have any differences according to the general characteristics of the children with cancer and the characteristics of the disease. However there was a difference following the characteristics of the mothers with cancer children. Mothers with jobs tend to have scored higher compared with mothers without any occupation.

Illness is a situational crisis which affects entire family members. Children have different experiences and responses when their sibling has a cancer. There are many studies on sibling experiences to childhood cancer which have many problems in the USA. The main purpose of this study is to describe sibling experiences to childhood cancer accurately and coprehensively by collecting data from sibling to provide the data to develop nursing interventions for the families with childhood cancer. The data was collected from October 1 to November 6, 1995. A total of ten siblings with childhood cancer were interviewed. The meaningful contents were classified and categorized to four areas. Theses areas include knowledge and perception related to illness, changes in family life, changes in school life, and siblings' marturation. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Knowledge and perception related to childhood cancer : Children had limited knowledge about illness and expressed the desire to know more about sibling's illness. 2. Changes in family and school life : Children expressed loneness, emptiness, sadness, depression about separation with the mother and sibling, family mood change, leisure activities and financial difficulties. Many children reported that their school performance had suffered since sibling's illness. 3. Maturation of children : Some positive outcomes related to having a sibling with a cancer are maturation, increased affection for the sibling, empathy for their parents. The results of this study indicate that it is important to develop comprehensive nursing intervention programs for the families with a childhood cancer.

Purpose
This study was done to describe psychosocial adjustment of adolescents who have survived childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Method: Out of a total of 16 adolescents (11~20 years old) registered at the Pediatric Oncology Clinic at one university affiliated hospital, 13 adolescents agreed to participate in this study. The data were collected through in-depth interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. The contents of the interviews were analyzed using the inductive content analysis method. Result: Three main categories were identified 'personal characteristics', 'coping patterns', and 'interpersonal relationship'. Personal characteristics included self-praise, self-confidence, altruism, being worrisome, and being difficult. Coping patterns included positive thinking, activeness, and avoidance. Interpersonal relationship included appreciation, intimacy, burdened by over protectiveness, and feelings of regret and equality as peers. Conclusion: The results indicate that adolescents who have survived childhood cancer have both positive and negative experiences. It is suggested that care providers identify and support the strengths of the adolescents in order to help them to adjust more positively after the experience of childhood cancer.

PURPOSE
This study was done to provide basic data for the development of a systematic discharge educational programs for pediatric cancer patients.
METHOD
The participants in this study were 132 mothers whose children were diagnosed with cancer and being treated at 3 university hospitals in Pusan. Data were collected from December 1, 20004 to February 28, 2005, and were analyzed using SPSS WIN 10.0.
RESULTS
The degree of education demand at the time of discharge from hospital was statistically significantly lower than the educational demand after the discharge. Such demand significantly varied in accordance with the length of time from discharge. Mother's educational demands were significantly different according to general characteristics of the child with cancer, especially during the first period of hospitalization and when there were changes in weight.
CONCLUSION
As mothers of children with cancer had higher educational demands after the child's discharge from hospital than at the time when education was provided at discharge and. the demands differented according to the length time since the child's discharge from hospital, there is a need to develop educational programs specific to these needs of the mothers.