Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, opinions, competence, and barriers of nurses providing trauma-informed care (TIC) to children in hospitals.
Methods
Data were collected from 198 nurses nationwide using the TIC Provider Survey developed by the Center for Pediatric Traumatic Stress in July, 2024. Descriptive statistics, t tests, and one-way ANOVA were conducted using the IBM SPSS Statistics software (ver. 23.0, IBM Corp.).
Results
Of the 13 items assessing knowledge of TIC, seven had a correct response rate of over 90%. However, the correct response rate for these three items were less than 30%. Regarding opinions on the TIC, more than 90% of participants agreed with five of the seven items. In self-rated competence in providing TIC, they were not competent in responding to a child’s (or parent’s) questions about whether the child is going to die or understanding how traumatic stress may present differently according to developmental stages. The major barriers to providing TIC were time constraints, lack of training, and organizational support. Items with relatively low performance rates were ‘teach parents what to say to their child after a difficult/sick/scary experience, and teach child or parents the specific ways to cope with unpleasant experiences’.
Conclusion
This study suggests that it can contribute to the development of specific guidelines for nurses to effectively apply TIC in pediatric and family nursing practice, emphasizing the need for educational programs to support this implementation.

Citations

• Overcoming Workplace Struggles: The Mediating Role of Trauma‐Informed Climate on Psychological Well‐Being, Emotional Resilience and Job Performance Among Critical Care Nurses
  Haitham Mokhtar Mohamed Abdallah, Mohammed ElSayed Zaky, Shaimaa Mohamed Amin, Eman Yasser Hammouda, Mohamed Hussein Ramadan Atta, Sameer A. Alkubati, Sally Mohammed Farghaly Abdelaliem, Nagwa Ibrahim Mohamed Hamad
  Nursing in Critical Care.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Nurses Regarding Trauma‐Informed Care for Traumatic Injured Patients: A Multicenter Cross‐Sectional Study
  Lingxiao He, Yunting Luo, Jun Chen, Renrong Gong, Dengbin Liao, Lesley Barr
  Journal of Nursing Management.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
The Life Transition Scale (LTS) consists of 24 items that assess the life transition process of parents of autistic children. This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the LTS in parents of children with a wide spectrum of disabilities.
Methods
Data were collected from 260 parents of children with disabilities through self-report questionnaires. Validity was examined using exploratory and confirmative factor analysis to determine the factor structures of the LTS; socio-demographic differences in LTS scores were examined using the t-test or ANOVA. Reliability was examined using Cronbach's ⍺ coefficient.
Results
A four-factor structure was validated (x²=640.0, p<.001, GFI=.81, RMSEA=.07, NNFI=.89, CFI=.89, PNFI=.74, Q [x²/df]=2.60). The validity of the LTS was verified by exploratory factor analysis, with factor loading ranging from .30 to .80. There were significant differences in the accepting phase according to children's and parents' age and the type of disability, and in the wandering phase according to parental gender, educational level, job, and socioeconomic status. The Cronbach's ⍺s for the reliability of each of the four structures were acceptable, within a range of .80~.90.
Conclusion
The LTS is a valid and reliable measurement to assess the life transition process of parents with disabled children.

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine the association between each phase of the Life Transition Process (LTP) and depressive symptoms among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Methods
Using a cross-sectional study design, data pertaining to LTP and depressive symptoms were collected from 285 parents of children with ASD (101 fathers and 184 mothers). Participants were recruited through the Autism Society of Korea and a counseling center for families of children with ASD.
Results
Using a cut-off point of 5 or higher on the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form, more than half of the parents (53.4%) were deemed depressed; these parents experienced moderate (27.4%) to severe (11.6%) levels of depressive symptoms. A hierarchical multiple regression using the socio-demographic characteristics of children and parents and each phase of the LTP as predictors, found that lower income (β=-.14, p=.007) and greater scores for the wandering phase (β=.59, p<.001) were significant predictors of greater levels of depressive symptoms.
Conclusion
These findings confirm the association between LTP and depressive symptoms for parents of children with ASD, who were found to have a greater risk of depressive symptoms during wandering phase.

Citations

• Global prevalence of depression in caregivers of children with autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Xin Rong Lam, Ling Jie Cheng, Celest Su Yi Leo, Zheng An Toh, Hong-Gu He
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2025; 80: e74.     CrossRef
• An Integrated Review of The Factors Influencing Aggression in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
  Miran Jung, Yeong Seon Hong
  Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Menta.2022; 31(2): 125.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study was done to identify differences in the life transition process of parents caring for children with autism according to parents’ socio-demographic characteristics.
Methods
Participants were 194 parents caring for children with autism. Data were collected from December 2013 to February 2014 through self-report questionnaires, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 20.0.
Results
Mean scores for despairing or accepting phases were higher than those for denying or wandering phases in the life transition process. According to parents’ gender, educational level, and job, there were some significant differences in the denying and wandering phases. Differences in denying phase by education (p = .033), job (p = .004) were significant. Respondents with higher educational level, and having a job showed a lower level of denying than other respondents. Wandering phase differed significantly by gender (p = .009) and job (p = .001). Mothers and those who did not have a job showed a higher level of wandering than fathers and those who had a job. However, there was no difference in the despairing or accepting phases.
Conclusion
The life transition phase of parents with autistic children needs to be assessed to provide differentiated and intensive support program and help them move to the accepting phase.

Citations

• Validity and Reliability of the Life Transition Scale in Parents of Disabled Children Across the Life Transition Process
  Sun Woo Hong, JinShil Kim, Hwal Lan Bang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(3): 338.     CrossRef
• Life Transition Process Effects on Depressive Symptoms in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
  Sun Woo Hong, JinShil Kim, Ae Ran Lee, Jeong Sil Choi
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(3): 337.     CrossRef