Purpose
This study explored the threat and efficacy factors influencing children’s eye health behaviors using an Extended Parallel Process Model for parents of preschool children.
Methods
Data were collected from October 30 to November 6, 2023, using a web-based survey. In total, 166 parents of preschool children participated in this cross-sectional study. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients and multiple regression analyses. Parents’ eye health knowledge, eye health threat factors (perceived severity and susceptibility), and eye health efficacy factors (self-efficacy and response efficacy) related to preschoolers were measured. Eye health behavior was assessed by observing the children’s behavior over the past week.
Results
The eye health behaviors of preschool children were positively correlated with their parents’ eye health knowledge (r=.21, p=.006), perceived severity (r=.22, p=.004), response efficacy (r=.36, p<.001), and self-efficacy (r=.64, p<.001). Children’s eye health behavior showed a negative correlation with perceived susceptibility (r=-.27, p<.001). As seen on multiple regression analysis, the factor influencing children’s eye health behavior was self-efficacy (β=.57, p<.001), and the model’s explanatory power was approximately 43% (F=24.09, p<.001).
Conclusion
To promote eye health behavior in preschool children, it is necessary to strengthen the self-efficacy of parents. The results of this study can be used to develop eye health programs for preschool children and their parents.

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to apply and evaluate the effectiveness of a child abuse prevention program based on the Nursing Model of Resilience and Coping Skills Training Model for unmarried mothers during pregnancy and puerperium.
Methods
This study had a prospective single-case, AB design with four repeated self-questionnaire measures and three observational measures. Seven unmarried mothers were provided with 10 sessions child abuse prevention program through individual visits from 32 to 34 weeks of pregnancy to 6 weeks after childbirth. The questionnaire was composed related to resilience, maternal stress, maternal attitude, parent-child interaction, child abuse potential. The observation was measured by video recording (total 16 times) the interaction of parent-child during feeding and analyzing it by three experts. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Friedman’s test.
Results
Maternal attitude and parent-child interaction were statistically significantly improved after intervention compared to before intervention. However, maternal stress decreased after intervention compared to before intervention, but it was not statistically significant. Also, resilience and child abuse potential were not statistically significant. This program is partially effective in preventing child abuse by promoting parenting attitudes and parent-child interactions.
Conclusion
This study focused on individual resilience and applied systematic intervention as coping skills training to prevent child abuse. This study is meaningful in that interventions were conducted through individual visits to unmarried mothers at high risk of child abuse, and the program was applied, including pregnancy and postpartum periods, to prevent child abuse early.

Purpose
This study aimed to identify the mediating and moderating effects of mindset and psychological collectivism, respectively, on the relationship between grit and nursing intention for children with emerging infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), among pediatric nurses.
Methods
We conducted a crosssectional descriptive study with 230 pediatric nurses.
Results
Grit directly impacted mindset (β=.27, p<.001) and nursing intention (β=.20, p=.001). The direct effect of mindset on nursing intension (β=.28, p<.001) and the indirect effect of grit on nursing intension via mindset (β=.08, p<.001) were significant. Accordingly, mindset mediated the effect of grit on nursing intention. The effects of grit and psychological collectivism (β=.19, p=.003), respectively, on nursing intention were significant. However, the interaction between grit and psychological collectivism was not significant. Thus, psychological collectivism did not moderate the effect of grit on nursing intention.
Conclusion
The findings demonstrate the importance of pediatric nurses' grit and mindset on their intended care for patients in critical situations. Cultivating a gritty culture and developing interventions to enhance nurses' personality traits associated with their performance will be crucial, and such measures are especially salient for pediatric nurses to face the new adjustments required in the era of COVID-19.

Citations

• Cultivation of Grit in Nursing Students: A Qualitative Descriptive Study “Cultivation of Grit”
  Carolyn Spriggs Muchna
  SAGE Open Nursing.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Medical-Seeking Behavior, Psychological Experiences, and Treatment Expectations of Patients With Penile Cancer Before Operation
  Linyan Niu, Yan Cui, Yi-An Shih, Wenguang Fan, Yinan Bao, Xiaojun Li, Chong Li
  Cancer Nursing.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Protecting language teachers from burnout: The roles of teaching mindset, teaching grit, and emotion regulation
  Majid Sadoughi, S. Yahya Hejazi, Gholam Hassan Khajavy
  Language Teaching Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The associated factors of disaster literacy among nurses in China: a structure equation modelling study
  Yan Yang, Yuping Zhang, Yuanfei Liu, Qian Li, Lizhu Wang, Yong Du, Meijuan Lan, Jingfen Jin
  BMC Nursing.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Psychological capital, grit and organizational justice as positive strengths and resources among registered nurses: A path analysis
  Mervi Flinkman, Ann Rudman, Miko Pasanen, Helena Leino‐Kilpi
  Nursing Open.2023; 10(8): 5314.     CrossRef
• Association between Grit and depressive symptoms at the timing of job start among medical residents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: a cross-sectional study
  Yu Akaishi, Nobutoshi Nawa, Ayako Kashimada, Yasuhiro Itsui, Eriko Okada, Masanaga Yamawaki
  Medical Education Online.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
This study examined the mediating and moderating effects of multicultural efficacy in the relationship between cultural empathy and cultural competence in child care teachers.
Methods
A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used. The participants were 277 child care teachers at private and public daycare centers in G and S districts of Seoul. The survey instruments included a cultural empathy questionnaire, a multicultural efficacy scale, and a cultural competence scale. Data were analyzed using the SPSS and AMOS programs. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation, and mediating and moderating effect analyses were performed. Bootstrapping was implemented to verify the mediating effect of the model developed herein.
Results
Positive correlations among cultural empathy, multicultural efficacy, and cultural competence were noted. Multicultural efficacy showed a significant mediating effect on the relationships between cultural empathy and cultural competence. However, there was no moderating effect.
Conclusion
In order to enhance the cultural competence of child care teachers, it is necessary to develop a strategy that can promote their cultural empathy and multicultural efficacy. Furthermore, these results will ultimately enhance the role of child care teachers, thus contributing to the normal growth and development of multicultural children.

Citations

• Exploring empathy and multicultural acceptance: How Korean adolescents' multicultural experiences shape their intentions for inclusive behavior
  Youn Kyung Woo, JeeEun Karin Nam, Changmin Keum
  International Journal of Intercultural Relations.2026; 111: 102358.     CrossRef
• Enhancing nursing students’ cross-cultural competence: The impact of a design thinking-based multicultural education program
  Do Young Lee, Im Sun Seo
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing .2025; 31(3): 280.     CrossRef