Purpose
Simulation-based education plays a critical role in nursing by allowing students to acquire clinical competencies in a safe and controlled environment. However, current evaluation tools for simulation scenarios often lack standardization, resulting in inconsistencies when assessing the effectiveness of such programs.
Methods
This study aimed to develop a comprehensive Nursing Simulation Scenario Evaluation Tool using the Real-Time Delphi method. A panel of 10 experts in nursing and simulation education participated in two rounds of surveys. The evaluation criteria were derived from the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning Standards of Best Practice and relevant literature. Survey items were refined through expert consensus using content validity ratios and coefficient of variation values. The finalized tool was further enhanced with artificial intelligence (AI)–based evaluation capabilities to support objective and systematic assessment. The tool was registered and patented in the Republic of Korea (Korean Intellectual Property Office Registration No. 10-2024-0051234) to acknowledge its innovation and technical merit.
Results
The process resulted in an evaluation tool comprising eight key domains and 36 items, covering scenario structure, learning objectives, preparation, script development, debriefing, facilitation, expected outcomes, and scenario validity. A Kendall’s coefficient of concordance of 0.739 indicated strong agreement among the experts.
Conclusion
This study successfully developed a standardized and validated tool to improve the reliability and effectiveness of simulation-based education in nursing. The tool addresses a key gap in current educational practices and enhances consistency in evaluating nursing simulation scenarios. Future studies should focus on validating its application across diverse educational environments.

Purpose
This pilot study aimed to develop a virtual reality (VR) nursing simulation for pediatric pneumonia care tailored to the Korean clinical context and evaluate its educational effectiveness for nursing students.
Methods
A single-group pretest–posttest design was employed with 20 senior nursing students from April to May 2025. The intervention was a 70-minute VR nursing simulation of pediatric pneumonia care, structured with pre-briefing, a main scenario, and debriefing. Data were collected on participants’ knowledge of pediatric pneumonia, clinical judgment (Nursing Clinical Judgment Scale), and simulation effectiveness (Simulation Effectiveness Tool-Modified) before and after the intervention. Usability (User Experience Questionnaire) and qualitative feedback were collected after the intervention. Pre-post comparisons were performed using paired t-tests.
Results
The program did not yield a statistically significant change in knowledge scores (p=.893). However, there were significant improvements in the mean scores for clinical judgment (p<.001) and simulation effectiveness (p=.013). A qualitative analysis revealed that, while the participants found the experience immersive and realistic, they also reported operational difficulties, indicating the need for usability improvements.
Conclusion
The VR nursing simulation is a promising pedagogical tool for enhancing nursing students’ clinical judgment and perceived learning effectiveness in a Korean pediatric context. The findings suggest that, while the intervention was effective in improving practical reasoning, future iterations should focus on reinforcing knowledge acquisition and optimizing user experience to maximize the educational impact.

Citations

• Effects of an acute myocardial infarction simulation on nursing students’ clinical judgment: Integrating faculty- and self-assessments
  Hwa Sun Kim
  Clinical Simulation in Nursing.2026; 112: 101895.     CrossRef
• ORGANIZATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN “CLINICAL NURSING IN PEDIATRICS” UNDER WARTIME CONDITIONS ON THE MOODLE PLATFORM: CHALLENGES AND ADAPTATION
  N. I. Makieieva, M. S. Diachenko, V. E. Domnich, V. V. Andrushchenko, V. A. Koval
  Медсестринство.2025; (3-4): 54.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to identify predictive factors affecting adolescents’ subjective happiness using data from the 2023 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. A random forest model was applied to determine the strongest predictive factors, and its predictive performance was compared with traditional regression models.
Methods
Responses from a total of 44,320 students from grades 7 to 12 were analyzed. Data pre-processing involved handling missing values and selecting variables to construct an optimal dataset. The random forest model was employed for prediction, and SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) analysis was used to assess variable importance.
Results
The random forest model demonstrated a stable predictive performance, with an R2 of .37. Mental and physical health factors were found to significantly affect subjective happiness. Adolescents’ subjective happiness was most strongly influenced by perceived stress, perceived health, experiences of loneliness, generalized anxiety disorder, suicidal ideation, economic status, fatigue recovery from sleep, and academic performance.
Conclusion
This study highlights the utility of machine learning in identifying factors influencing adolescents’ subjective happiness, addressing limitations of traditional regression approaches. These findings underscore the need for multidimensional interventions to improve mental and physical health, reduce stress and loneliness, and provide integrated support from schools and communities to enhance adolescents’ subjective happiness.

Citations

• Family structure, adolescent mental health, and the role of advisors in the cultural and social context of South Korea
  Sung Min Kim, Su Kyoung Lee, Jooyoung Chang, Joung Sik Son, Kyae Hyung Kim, Sang Min Park
  Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Lecturer Performance Prediction Based on Student Evaluation Data Using a Hybrid K-Means and Random Forest Model
  Heri Subangkit Subangkit, Taqwa Hariguna Taqqa, Dhanar Intan Surya Saputra
  Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA.2026; 12(1): 352.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to describe the process of developing a validated pediatric nursing simulation scenario template using the real-time Delphi method.
Methods
A panel of 13 pediatric nursing experts participated in a real-time Delphi survey conducted over two rounds. Initially, 83 items were included in the questionnaire focusing on the structure and content of the simulation scenario template. Data analysis involved calculating the content validity ratio (CVR) and the coefficient of variation to assess item validity and stability.
Results
Through iterative rounds of the Delphi survey, a consensus was reached among the experts, resulting in the development of a pediatric nursing simulation scenario template comprising 41 items across nine parts. The CVR values ranged from 0.85 to 1.0, indicating a high consensus among experts regarding the inclusion of all items in the template.
Conclusion
This study presents a novel approach for developing a pediatric nursing simulation scenario template using real-time Delphi methods. The real-time Delphi method facilitated the development of a comprehensive and scientifically grounded pediatric nursing simulation scenario template. Our template aligns with the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning standards, and provides valuable guidance for educators in designing effective simulation scenarios, contributing to enhanced learning outcomes and better preparation for pediatric clinical practice. However, consideration of cultural and contextual adaptations is necessary, and further research should explore alternative consensus criteria.

Citations

• Development of an artificial intelligence-based nursing simulation scenario evaluation tool: a methodological study using the Real-Time Delphi method in South Korea
  Eun Joo Kim, Bitna Park, Geun Myun Kim, Ji Young Lim, Seong Kwang Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2025; 31(4): 257.     CrossRef

Purpose
This systematic literature review and meta-analysis explored extended reality (XR)-based pediatric nursing simulation programs and analyzed their effectiveness.
Methods
A literature search was conducted between May 1 and 30, 2022 in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and CINAHL. The search period was from 2000 to 2022. In total, 6,095 articles were reviewed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 14 articles were selected for the final content analysis and 10 for the meta-analysis. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and the Comprehensive Meta- Analysis program.
Results
XR-based pediatric nursing simulation programs have increased since 2019. Studies using virtual reality with manikins or high-fidelity simulators were the most common, with six studies. The total effect size was statistically significant at 0.84 (95% confidence interval=0.50-1.19, z=4.82, p<.001).
Conclusion
Based on the findings, we suggest developing standardized guidelines for the operation of virtual pediatric nursing simulation education and practice. Simultaneously, the application of more sophisticated research designs for effect measurement and the combined applications of various virtual simulation methods are needed to validate the most effective simulation methodology.

Citations

• Extended reality technologies in child health education for undergraduate healthcare students: A scoping review
  Emma Collins, Chris Paton, Steve Gallagher
  Nurse Education in Practice.2026; 90: 104627.     CrossRef
• Identifying Research Priorities in Digital Education for Health Care: Umbrella Review and Modified Delphi Method Study
  Alison Potter, Chris Munsch, Elaine Watson, Emily Hopkins, Sofia Kitromili, Iain Cameron O'Neill, Judy Larbie, Essi Niittymaki, Catriona Ramsay, Joshua Burke, Neil Ralph
  Journal of Medical Internet Research.2025; 27: e66157.     CrossRef
• Augmenting pediatric nursing clinical education with low-cost simulations
  Valerie C. Martinez, Desiree A. Díaz, Mindi Anderson, Samantha Stephenson, Syretta Spears
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2025; 81: 136.     CrossRef
• Effects of a virtual reality program and simulation training for nursing students on the measurement of vital signs in children: a mixed-methods study in South Korea
  Sun Nam Park, Hyun Young Koo, Hye Young Hwang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2025; 31(4): 296.     CrossRef
• Child Nursing Simulation Scenario Content Analysis: A Directed Qualitative Content Analysis
  Eun Joo Kim, Kyung Mi Cho, Sung Sook Song
  Clinical Simulation in Nursing.2024; 87: 101488.     CrossRef
• Development of neonatal Apgar scoring training program utilizing contactless hand tracking in immersive virtual reality
  Sun-Yi Yang, Yun-Hee Oh
  Nurse Education Today.2024; 140: 106294.     CrossRef
• Enhancing Nursing Simulation Education: A Case for Extended Reality Innovation
  Shanna Fealy, Pauletta Irwin, Zeynep Tacgin, Zi Siang See, Donovan Jones
  Virtual Worlds.2023; 2(3): 218.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study systematically analyzed cases in South Korea wherein nurses were prosecuted for involuntary manslaughter or injury due to professional negligence in pediatric care.
Methods
We analyzed the precedents using the methodology of Hall and Wright (2008) and Austin (2010). Of the 618 cases retrieved from the Supreme Court Decisions Retrieval System in South Korea, we selected the 12 cases in which children were the victims and nurses were the defendants, using a case screening methodology.
Results
The most frequent penalty was a fine, and newborns were the most frequent victims. The distribution of cases according to Austin's violation categories was: improper administration of medications (n=5), failure to monitor for and report deterioration (n=4), ineffective communication (n=4), failure to delegate responsibly (n=4), failure to know and follow facility policies and procedures (n=1), and improper use of equipment (n=1).
Conclusion
To ensure the safety of children, nurses are required to teach and practice a high standard of care. Nursing education programs must improve nurses’ awareness of their legal obligations. Nursing organizations and leaders should also work towards enacting effective nursing laws and ensuring that nurses are aware of their legal rights and responsibilities.

Purpose
To develop a fall risk assessment tool to predict fall risk in pediatric inpatients.
Methods
Three tools widely used in clinical practice (Humpty Dumpty Fall Scale, General Risk Assessment for Pediatric Inpatient Falls, and Seoul National University Hospital Pediatric Fall Risk Scale) were examined, and assessment items were extracted. Employing a case-control design, 29 children who experienced falls during hospital stays were selected as the "fall" group, and a control group (93 children) was selected based on age and sex matching. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the newly developed tool ("Newfs-PI") were analyzed.
Results
The Newfs-PI consisted of seven items: age, activity, history of falls, length of hospital stay, and medication. The total score ranged from 0 to 15. Its sensitivity and specificity were 62.07% and 74.19%, respectively.
Conclusion
The Newfs-PI has high specificity and sensitivity, which are essential for a fall risk assessment tool that complements existing tools. These values are high relative to those of existing assessment tools and satisfy both sensitivity and specificity criteria. As the EMR enables monitoring of the components of the Newfs-PI, the tool can be used as a fall risk assessment and prevention scale for pediatric inpatients.

Citations

• Sarcopenia in children: Lecture
  A. N. Zavyalova, V. P. Novikova, M. N. Yakovleva
  Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council.2024; (1): 245.     CrossRef
• Fall prevention in a pediatric unit: a best practice implementation project
  Nydjia Lawrence, Robin Christian, Michelle Palokas, Linda Upchurch
  JBI Evidence Implementation.2024; 22(2): 149.     CrossRef
• Development of an evidence‐based care bundle protocol for preventing falls in hospitalized children: Delphi study and trial test
  Lixia Chen, Wenjing Liu, Hong Li
  Nursing Open.2023; 10(3): 1715.     CrossRef
• Escala Humpty Dumpty: adaptação transcultural e validação para cultura brasileira
  Elke Sandra Alves Rodrigues, Daniela Fernanda dos Santos Alves, Ana Márcia Chiaradia Mendes-Castillo, Thaís Moreira São-João, Giselli Cristina Villela Bueno, Deborah Hill-Rodriguez, Renata Cristina Gasparino
  Acta Paulista de Enfermagem.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The use of pediatric fall risk assessment tool in gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: A prospective study
  Nadir YALÇIN, Mehmet Akif GÖKTAŞ, Ersin GÜMÜŞ
  Akademik Gastroenteroloji Dergisi.2023; 22(2): 103.     CrossRef
• The revised Humpty Dumpty Fall Scale: An update to improve tool performance and predictive validity
  Danielle Altares Sarik, Deborah Hill-Rodriguez, Karina A. Gattamorta, Jacqueline L. Gonzalez, Jenny Esteves, Katherine Zamora, Jennifer Cordo
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2022; 67: 34.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study was conducted to obtain data for the development of an effective fall risk assessment tool for pediatric inpatients through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic test accuracy of existing scales.
Methods
A literature search using Medline, Science Direct, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library was performed between March 1 and 31, 2018. Of 890 identified papers, 10 were selected for review. Nine were used in the meta-analysis. Stata version 14.0 was used to create forest plots of sensitivity and specificity. A summary receiver operating characteristic curve was used to compare all diagnostic test accuracies.
Results
Four studies used the Humpty Dumpty Falls Scale. The most common items included the patient's diagnoses, use of sedative medications, and mobility. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the nine studies were .79 and .36, respectively.
Conclusion
Considering the low specificity of the pediatric fall risk assessment scales currently available, there is a need to subdivide scoring categories and to minimize items that are evaluated using nurses' subjective judgment alone. Fall risk assessment scales should be incorporated into the electronic medical record system and an automated scoring system should be developed.

Citations

• Assessing the Alignment Between the Humpty Dumpty Fall Scale and Fall Risk Nursing Diagnosis in Pediatric Patients: A Retrospective ROC Curve Analysis
  Manuele Cesare, Fabio D’Agostino, Deborah Hill-Rodriguez, Danielle Altares Sarik, Antonello Cocchieri
  Healthcare.2025; 13(14): 1748.     CrossRef
• Fall prevention in a pediatric unit: a best practice implementation project
  Nydjia Lawrence, Robin Christian, Michelle Palokas, Linda Upchurch
  JBI Evidence Implementation.2024; 22(2): 149.     CrossRef
• Escala Humpty Dumpty: adaptação transcultural e validação para cultura brasileira
  Elke Sandra Alves Rodrigues, Daniela Fernanda dos Santos Alves, Ana Márcia Chiaradia Mendes-Castillo, Thaís Moreira São-João, Giselli Cristina Villela Bueno, Deborah Hill-Rodriguez, Renata Cristina Gasparino
  Acta Paulista de Enfermagem.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The use of pediatric fall risk assessment tool in gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: A prospective study
  Nadir YALÇIN, Mehmet Akif GÖKTAŞ, Ersin GÜMÜŞ
  Akademik Gastroenteroloji Dergisi.2023; 22(2): 103.     CrossRef
• The revised Humpty Dumpty Fall Scale: An update to improve tool performance and predictive validity
  Danielle Altares Sarik, Deborah Hill-Rodriguez, Karina A. Gattamorta, Jacqueline L. Gonzalez, Jenny Esteves, Katherine Zamora, Jennifer Cordo
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2022; 67: 34.     CrossRef
• Reliability and Validity of a Pediatric Fall Risk Assessment Scale for Hospitalized Patients in Taiwan
  Ching-Mei Chang, Cheng-Fan Wen, Hsien-Feng Lin
  Quality Management in Health Care.2021; 30(2): 121.     CrossRef
• An electronic medical record-based fall risk assessment tool for pediatric inpatients in South Korea: Improved sensitivity and specificity
  Eun Joo Kim, Ji Young Lim, Geun Myun Kim, Junghyun Min
  Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(2): 137.     CrossRef
• A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Fall Prevention Programs for Pediatric Inpatients
  Eun-Joo Kim, Geun-Myun Kim, Ji-Young Lim
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(11): 5853.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of the risk of falls in hospitalized children using the GRAF PIF scale (General Risk Assessment for Pediatric Inpatient Falls Scale)
  Lucie Sikorová, Michaela Cmorjaková
  Pediatrie pro praxi.2021; 22(3): 240.     CrossRef
• HARİZMİ Düşme Riski Ölçeği’nin Psikometrik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi
  Şeyda SEREN İNTEPELER, Murat BEKTAŞ, Veysel Karani BARIŞ, İsa ÇELİK
  Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elek.2020; 13(4): 259.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study was done to analyze nursing students’ attitudes to life-sustaining treatment by measuring their awareness of biomedical ethics and resulting attitude toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment.
Methods
This study was a descriptive research to assess the level of nursing students’ awareness of biomedical ethics, attitude toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, and correlations between these variables. After the nursing students signed a consent form they were assessed. Data collection was done from September 1 to October 25, 2016, and analyzed using SPSS 23.0 WIM Program.
Results
There was a negative correlation and significant difference between nursing students’ awareness of biomedical ethics and attitude toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. There was a significant correlation among attitude toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment and medical ethics, mortality ethics.
Conclusion
The findings in the study indicate that it is necessary to provide nursing students with easy access to continuous education to help them establish an acceptable view of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment.

Citations

• Subjective Attitudes towards Terminal Patients of Nursing Students with Clinical Practice Experience: Application of Q Methodology
  Eun Ju Lee, Kyung-Hye Hwang, Ok-Hee Cho
  The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2019; 22(4): 156.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Attitude Toward Advance Directive in Nursing Students
  Hee Jung Kim
  Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Educ.2019; 25(2): 227.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to analysis the effects of nasal Continuous Postive Airway Pressure (nCPAP) for preterm infants using systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS
Thirteen peer-reviewed journals including preterm infants and apnea and nCPAP published between 1973 and 2013 were included. Effect size and statistics of homogeneity were done using STATA 10.0.
RESULTS
The design for 9 studies was Randomized Control Trial. In most of studies the pressure of nCPAP was set to 4-6 cmH2O. The effect size of 5 studies for the effect on apnea rate using nCPAP compared to nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilator (nIPPV) showed that the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) was -0.11 and was not significantly different (Z=0.41, p=.680). But the difference in nCPAP for nasal Synchronizes Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilator (nSIPPV) (subgroup) was significant (SMD=-.44). The effect size of 7 studies on effect for ventilator weaning of using nCPAP compared to nIPPV showed the Risk Ratio (RR) as 1.60 and was not significantly different (Z=1.12, p=.268). But the difference between nCPAP and nSIPPV (subgroup) was significant (RR=3.94).
CONCLUSION
The results indicate a need for an advanced care system and suggest continuous studies of apnea in preterm infants.

PURPOSE
The aims of this study is to analysis the effects of obesity management programs for children and to measure the differences in the effects by type and dependent variables in order to analyze the structures of the programs.
METHODS
Sixty-one peer-reviewed journals including child obesity and intervention studies published between 2000 and 2010 were included for meta-analysis. Effect size and statistics of homogeneity were by STAT 10.0.
RESULTS
A total of 61 studies were used in the analysis, and the effect size of the independent studies was determined to be -0.23 (95% CI, -0.32 ~ -0.15). Serum Leptin and Insulin were the big effect size among the studies that used dependent variables. The theses used in the research did not display publishing bias.
CONCLUSION
Obesity management programs that have been confirmed to be effective need to be developed into regional protocols. A continuous control of obese children and research for effective intervention program are in need.

Citations

• Health behaviors and mental health among adolescents: A comparison based on BMI using the 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey
  Hye-Ryeon Park, Na-Geong Kim
  Belitung Nursing Journal.2023; 9(6): 571.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of obesity interventions among South Korean children and adolescents and importance of the type of intervention component: a meta-analysis
  Siyoung Choe, Jaesin Sa, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Deokjin Kim
  Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2022; 65(2): 98.     CrossRef
• Effects of Program to Promote Obesity Prevention Behaviors on Pre-Schoolers: Focused on Kindergartener in Korea
  Inju Hwang, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(2): 188.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of a combined obesity prevention program in South Korea for children from low-income families that included primary caregiver participation
  Namhee Park, Mihae Im
  Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(3): 211.     CrossRef
• An Integrative Literature Review of Interventions for School-aged Overweight and Obese Children
  Juhyun Jo, Sang-Youn Jang, Dajeong Kum, Jihee Lim, Jeongeun Kim
  Perspectives in Nursing Science.2019; 16(2): 75.     CrossRef
• Delphi Survey for Designing a Intervention Research Study on Childhood Obesity Prevention
  Min Jeong Kim, Eunju Sung, Eun Young Choi, Young-Su Ju, Eal-Whan Park, Yoo-Seock Cheong, Sunmi Yoo, Kyung Hee Park, Hyung Jin Choi, Seolhye Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2017; 38(5): 284.     CrossRef
• Effects of an Abdominal Obesity Management Program on Physiological Bio-markers of Middle-aged Women in Korea: A Meta-analysis
  KyengJin Kim, HaeSook Hong, WanJu Park, SangJin Ko, YeonKyung Na
  The Korean Journal of Obesity.2016; 25(3): 138.     CrossRef
• Evidence of Interventions for Preventing Obesity of Children and Adolescents Using Existing Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
  Seolhye Kim, Eunju Sung, Sunmi Yoo
  Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2016; 16(4): 231.     CrossRef
• Professional Identity of Elementary School Health Teachers: A Grounded Theory Approach.
  Jin Ok Kwon, Jina Oh, Eun Ha Kim, Dae Dong Hahn
  Child Health Nursing Research.2015; 21(1): 64.     CrossRef
• Review of Meta-analysis Research on Exercise in South Korea
  Youngshin Song, Moonhee Gang, Sun-Ae Kim, In-Soo Shin
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2014; 44(5): 459.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of being from low-income families on children's behavior problems and obesity.
METHODS
The research design was a descriptive survey study, and the participants were 197 children from low-income families who took part in activities at a local children's center. They were selected through convenience sampling. The participants completed a questionnaire, BASC-2 (Behavior Assessment System for Children).
RESULTS
The results are as follows: 22.3% had obesity, a rate higher than that of children in general. Further, 37.3% had attention deficit problems, 33.8% had problems adapting to school and 49% had other adaption problem. There was a gender-specific difference with respect to all of the behavior problems.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate a lack of an identified child policy for behavior problems and health, and suggest a need for various programs and policies which could lead to development of behavior screening programs for children from low-income families.

PURPOSE
This study was done to examine the understanding of becoming a parent held by women college students, and to examine correlations between motivation to become a parent and perception of parents' role.
METHOD
The participants in the study were 220 women college students of K Women's College in Incheon. Data were collected from July to November, 2004 and the method was self-report questionnaires which were constructed to include understanding of parenthood, motivation to become a parent, perception of parents' role. Result: 1) In this study, 78.2% of women collage students responded they have marriage plans and 76.6% of the students responded they will have children. 2) Scores for motivation to become a parent and perception of parents' role by female college students were 44.5 and point 56.9 respectively. 3) Examination of the correlation of motivation to become a parent and perception of parents' role showed that there was a medium level of correlation and it was statistically significant.
CONCLUSION
These result indicate that interventions towards improvement in understanding of motivation to become a parent should be provided for adolescents and early adult.

PURPOSE
This study was meta-analysis study that it was to analyze the effect of sensory stimulation on preterm infants.
METHOD
The sample of this study is 18 researches of selected by criteria. The conclusion of study was that sensory stimulation of preterm infants is effective.RESULT: Most large effect size was Katz(1991)'s study(d=1.96), small effect size was Caine(1991), s(d=0.37). Especially multimodal sensory stimulation(d=1.2) was more effective than unimodal sensory stimulation(0.53). Also behavioral variable of preterm infans was most sensitivity indicator.
CONCLUSION
According to the result, the study on sensory stimulation should be research according to the gestational age and birth weight of preterm infants. In addition, the feasible sensory intervention should be develop.

The purpose of this study was to determine the most accurate technique measuring the apical pulse rate, using three counting duration 15, 30 and 60 seconds, and two methods start '0' and start '1'. The instrument used in the study was the EKG moniter, stethoscope and stopwatch. Data was analyzed by utilizing SPSSWIN program. General characteristics of the subjects were analyzed by frequency, percentile, mean, SD. The subject of this research is made up of 46 children and 20 nurses. The children were infants, & under the age of 5. They were hospitalised in PICU & NICU in 2 tertiary hospitals in seoul from Jan. 1. 1998 to Sep. 10. 1998. The measurement of starting 1 & measurement of starting '0' used the T-test to find out the measurement error. Apical pulse duration of 15, 30, 60 seconds were used to find out measurement error, the measurement error depend on experience of Nurse were analyzed by using ANOVA. The result of this study are as follows : 1. When comparing the starting poin of apical pulse 0 & 1, starting with 1 the measurement error is less, but not statically significant. 2. When counting the apical pulse by 15, 30, 60 sec. 60 seconds counting duration was more accurate, but not statistically significant. 3. The mean of measure error : Group under 100/ min, is 10.33 : from 100 or 119/min, is 8.30 : from 120 to 139/min, is 4.76 ; from 140 to 159/min, is 6.09 : above 160, is 17.83. The differences of these groups are statistically significant. When 60sec were counted, under 140/min the mean of measurement error is 3.4. Also when 30 seconds were counted from 140/min to 159/min the measurement error is 7.14, above 160/min the measurement error is 16.4. That measurement mean is the smallest than the other durations. During the 15 sec. count the measurement error was the largest of them all. 4. By the experience of the nurses, the apical pulse count measurement error was discovered. Under a year experience this measurement error was the largest(11.09), 1 year to under 3 years, the error is the smallest(4.86). 3 year to under 6 years the error is 8.33, 5 years above the error is 6.11 but this is not statistical significant. Under a year experience when counting 15, 30, 60 seconds the error is the largest. The group of the nurses from a year to under 3 years, the measurement error is the smallest of all the groups. The result of the study is to determine the technique measuring the apical pulse rate, Hargest (1974), starting point '0' is not proved. When the pulse rate increases the 30 sec measurement rate is accurate. Under 140/min the 60 sec measurement rate is the most accurate. Depending on the nurses experiences, there is a variable difference to the apical pulse rate measurement. Especially new nurses training courses should enforce the children's pulse rate count and the basic vital signs.