| Kyung Ah Kang | 28 Articles |
PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate the effect of a metabolic syndrome prevention program using mobile application for university students. METHODS A pretest-posttest design with content analysis as a triangulation method was used. The participants were 49 university students. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi2-test, t-test and Fisher's exact test with the SPSS WIN 18.0 program. RESULTS The application consisted of six main menus as follows: 'basic education', 'nutrition education', 'exercise education', 'meal diary', 'exercise checkup', and 'tips'. The experimental group had higher recognition about metabolic syndrome prevention than the control group (F=7.919, p=.007). Understanding of metabolic syndrome among participants was mostly related to chronic diseases such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes in relation to the importance of eating habits and exercising. CONCLUSION The results indicate that metabolic syndrome prevention education using mobile application is necessary and would be useful for university students. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
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The purpose of this study was to describe the components and content of nursing intervention studies on mother-infant interactions and to present strategies for future studies. METHODS Four electronic databases in the Korean language were searched to identify studies done between January 1998 and December 2011. The search yielded 145 articles. From these articles, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Mother-infant interactions in these studies were found to include verbal and non-verbal communication basic for optimal growth and development of the child. Six kinds of interventions for mother-infant interactions were identified as follows: sensory stimulation, education program, whole body massage, kangaroo care, visiting support, and music therapy. CONCLUSION Further studies with well designed clinical trials need to be done in the area of child nursing to provide evidence based data for the development of strategies to promote positive mother-infant interactions. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
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The purpose of this study was to analyze life respect-related content in the 7th to 10th grade textbooks of middle and high schools. METHODS Sixty two textbooks adopted as middle and high school textbooks were analyzed for content on life respect. RESULTS There were 6 categories related to life respect content in the 7th to 9th grade textbooks ('prevention of accidents and the first-aid', 'mental health', 'sex and health', 'prevention of drug abuse, smoking and drinking', 'normal life and health', and 'society and health'). Content on life respect in the 10th grade textbooks was categorized as 'drug abuse, smoking, drinking, and health', 'sex and health', 'mental health', 'life science and treating human life too lightly', 'normal life and health', and 'society and health'. CONCLUSION Content on life respect attached importance to more practical issue such as prevention of violence and suicide rather than fundamental understanding about self and life. These results suggest that the content on life respect should help adolescents find their own values and meaning of life within the concept of coexistence. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
PURPOSE
This study was done to develop a scenario and evaluate student performance in simulation learning of care for children with respiratory distress syndrome in neonatal intensive care units. METHODS To test the application effect, a one group pre-test design was applied. The scenario based on actual patients and textbook material was developed through several meetings of experts. The scenario was used with 17 groups of 55 senior nursing students who participated voluntarily. RESULTS Contents were organized focusing on the nursing process for simulation learning. In the application of knowledge and skills, nursing students had high scores in the contents of observation of oxygen saturation, and care to relieve dyspnea. Participants' ability, especially in suction and oxygen supply in the evaluation of objective structured clinical examination was not adequate. There was a significant positive correlation between problem-solving ability and satisfaction in learning. CONCLUSION The respiratory distress syndrome simulation scenario developed in this study was an effective tool to give students experience in problem solving and critical thinking ability under conditions similar to reality. The development of various scenarios for child nursing care is needed. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
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The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for nursing interventions to assist primary caregivers of young children by determining the degree stress and fatigue that caregivers were under due to parenting young children. METHODS Participants were primary caregivers (181 mothers and 160 grandmothers) of young children. RESULTS 1) Mean score for degree of parenting stress was 2.61 (+/-.69) and for fatigue, 1.97 (+/-.54). 2) There was a significant difference in degree of parenting stress according to primary caregivers' age, employment status, income, whether the children were wanted babies, health status of the children and caregivers, personality of the children, and benefits from, and satisfaction with costs of childcare. Likewise, there was a significant difference in degree of fatigue according to relationship of primary caregivers to the children, primary caregivers' age, religion, income, whether the children were wanted babies, health status of the children and caregivers, personality of the children, and benefits from, and satisfaction with costs of childcare. 3) Stress and fatigue perceived by the primary caregivers were significantly correlated (r=.554 p<.001). CONCLUSION To alleviate more effectively primary caregivers' parenting stress and fatigue, early nursing intervention and educational programs need to be developed. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
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The purpose of this study was to measure (the degree of) injury risk perception in preschool children. METHODS The data were collected from child day care centers and kindergartens located in Seoul, and Gyeonggi and Kwangwon Province. A questionnaire consisted of 28 pictures was administered to 186 preschool children. RESULTS The mean score for the injury risk perception was 21.83 (+/-3.89), and 77.98 converted into a 100-point scale. According to sub-categories, 'burn prevention' (.96+/-.13) was the highest, 'interpersonal safety' (.44+/-.31) was the lowest. There were significant differences in injury risk perception according to gender (t=-2.358, p=.019), age (t=-2.101, p=.037), experience of safety education (t=-3.719, p<.001), area of residence (t=-3.445, p=.001), injury experience (t=3.212, p=.002), and mother's occupation (t=-4.858, p<.001). The highest item in the percentage of correct answer item was 'making jump on the desk', the lowest item in the percentage of correct answer item was 'not wearing safety equipment when rollerblading'. CONCLUSION Based on this study, studies should be continued to standardize the instrument. In addition, it is recommended that an injury prevention education program should be developed based on the results of this study to stimulate demand and interest. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
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The purpose of this study was to develop a child health care protocol for teachers in child day care centers. METHODS The ADDIE model with 10 Kid Keys was applied to develop this child health care protocol. All contents were developed through content validity test by 7 professionals and need assessment and evaluation by child day care center teachers. RESULTS This protocol consisted of 10 keys, as follows: Health Examination/Growth & Development, Practice of Health Life, Management of Communicable Disease, Negligent Accident, Coping with Emergency and Transference, Child Abuse, Nutrition/Obesity, Quality Assurance of Staff, Parent Education, Guidance & Supervision of Child Day Care Centers. The contents contained goals, objectives, teaching content, suggested activities for children, writing forms related to each subject, and self-evaluation sheet. CONCLUSION This protocol can be practical and effective for child health care in child day care centers and it is hoped that it will be utilized in more child day care centers. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate issues and needs related to child health management as recognized by teachers in day care centers. METHODS Data were collected from 130 teachers from 20 day care centers. Each teacher was interviewed in depth and the data were examined through content analysis. RESULTS For issues on child health management, the analysis scheme consisted of 10 categories and 36 subcategories. For needs on child health management, the analysis scheme consisted of 10 categories and 37 subcategories. Teachers indicated that tools for physical examination and playgrounds were insufficient and they had difficulty in controlling attendance of infectious children. They also indicated the lack of a linkage between day care centers and hospitals, lack of knowledge of health management, high teacher versus child ratio, and lack of help and budget needed for health care. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest the need to develop a linkage between day care centers and medical institutions. Also there is a need to provide support from health care personnel, health education for teacher, health management manuals for teachers, and financial aid to satisfy the needs for health management in day care center for children. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
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The purpose of this study was to explore and understand life and meaning in life of elementary school students. METHODS Data from 1,790 higher grade elementary school students were analyzed for content of meaning in life. RESULTS The students described the following: 1) Meanings of living existence included, 'living things', 'importance', 'human life', 'family', 'event', 'eternity', 'origin of life', 'disease', and, 'protection'. 2) Four categories were found for reasons why human life is important, 'solitary', 'limitation', 'valuables', and 'living'. 3) Things that one can do to protect the value of human life were, 'doing safely', 'keep things well', 'altruistic behavior', 'doing sound activity', 'preservation & development', and 'devotion of oneself'. 4) Meaning of life included 'to accomplish plans', and 'to do things' 5) Cases when students felt life had meaning were 'perform meaningful behavior', 'comfortable emotionally', and 'receiving help from others'. 6) The methods by which to live a meaningful life were 'working diligently', 'serving', and 'doing rightly'. CONCLUSION These results suggest that students recognize the meaning of life in a most positive way and with a relatively wide scope, but as a few students had a negative orientation, age-appropriate and more systematic education programs are needed. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
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The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to improve coping abilities of elementary school students in emergency situations. METHOD The data were collected from 1633 3-6th grade elementary school students using a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS 1) The mean score for the coping ability of the students was low at .38 (+/-.36). 2) The mean scores for the 8 categories were, [Care for common symptoms], .54 (+/-.48), [Call for help & check], .47 (+/-.43), [Care for injury by heat.cold & foreign body], .39 (+/-.45), [Care for tissue damage], .36 (+/-.44), [Offering help], .36 (+/-.42), [Rescue & escape], .31 (+/-.51), [Evacuation], .28 (+/-.49), and [Appropriate response for the situation], .27 (+/-.43). The mean scores for 2 areas were, 'Acting tips', .35 (+/-.36) and 'First aid', .42 (+/-.40). There were significant differences in coping ability according to students' gender (t=4.964, p<.001), and family type (t=-2.484, p=.013). 4) Among the categories, there were significant correlations between all 8 categories and significant correlation between 'Acting tips' and 'First aid' (r=.808, p<.001), 'Acting tips' and 'Coping ability' (r=.956, p<.001), and 'First aid' and 'Coping ability' (r=.946, p<.001). CONCLUSION The findings indicate a need for programs to improve the coping ability of elementary school students in emergency situations. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among self-esteem, meaning in life, and spiritual well-being in middle school students. METHODS: The research design was a descriptive correlational survey involving 405 middle school students in grades 1 to 3 in S city, K city, and C city. Data were collected from March to May 2008 using questionnaires. Means with standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan post-hoc test, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data. RESULTS According to general characteristics of the students, there were statistically significant differences in self-esteem for gender, grade, and region, in meaning in life, there were significant differences for grade, gender, and region, and in spiritual well-being, there were statistically significant differences for gender, religion, and region. There were significant correlations between self-esteem and meaning in life, between self-esteem and spiritual well-being, and between meaning in life and spiritual well-being. CONCLUSION: Self-esteem, meaning in life, and spiritual well-being should be considered as important factors for healthy development in the middle school period. These three variables should be considered as the main content for self-development programs for middle school students. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
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This study was conducted to develop an instrument to measure coping in emergency situations. METHODS: The process included construction of a conceptual framework, generation 60 primary items, verification of construct validity and extraction of final items. The 60 preliminary items were reviewed for content validity by seven experts and were tested to evaluate inter-item correlation coefficient by three groups of elementary school students. From November 1 to December 10, 2008, data were collected from 920 elementary school students according to residential characters (major city, small town, rural area). Item analysis, factor analysis with rotation Varimax and Cronbach's alpha were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: 1) There were 45 items in the final instrument categorized into 8 factors. 2) The factors were labeled as "Call for help and check" (8 items), "Care for common symptoms" (6 items), "Appropriate response for the situation" (5 items), "Evacuation" (6 items), "Care for tissue damage" (8 items), "Care for injury by heat, cold or foreign body" (6 items), "Offer help" (4 items) and "Rescue & escape" (2 items). 3) Cumulative percent of variance was 53.10% and eigen values ranged from 1.04 to 13.38. 4) Cronbach's alpha for the total was .943 and ranged from .527 to .869. CONCLUSION: Validity and reliability of the scale are confirmed in this study showing its utility for measuring coping in emergency situations with elementary school students. Utilization of the scale will also contribute to designing appropriate coping education programs for elementary school students. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
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To evaluate the effects of a logotherapy education program. METHODS A nonequivalent control group, non-synchronized design was conducted with a convenience sample of 29 children with cancer. The experimental group (n=17) participated in the logotherapy education program which consisted of 5 daily sessions for one week. The control group (n=12) received the usual nursing care. The effects were measured using suffering, adolescent meaning in life (AMIL), and spiritual well-being (SWBS) scales. RESULTS There were significant differences in suffering (W=153.00, p< .05) and meaning in life (W=78.00, p< .05) between the experimental and control groups. However, there was no significant difference in spiritual well-being (W=136.50, p> .05). CONCLUSIONS Logotherapy was effective in reducing suffering and improving the meaning in life. Logotherapy can be utilized for adolescents with terminal cancer to prevent existential distress and improve their quality of life. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to develop first aid education programs for elementary school students. METHOD A self-report questionnaire was used to collect data from 720 5th and 6th grade elementary school students. RESULTS 1) The mean score for cognition of first aid education of the students was high with a score of 2.64 (+/-.30). 2) The mean scores for the 11 categories were, 'Fire & Burns', 2.78 (+/-.40), 'Poisoning', 2.77 (+/-.47), 'Thermal injuries', 2.75 (+/-.51), 'Rescue & moving', 2.73 (+/-.37), 'Bites', 2.72 (+/-.44), 'General first aid', 2.64 (+/-.37), 'Wounds', 2.59 (+/-.39), 'Removing foreign bodies', 2.58 (+/-.46), 'Cardiopulmonary resuscitation', 2.57 (+/-.59), and 'Musculoskeletal injuries' and 'Others', 2.54 (+/'-.51, +/-.53). 3) There was a significant difference in the cognition of first aid education according to student's gender (t=-3.012, p=.003), and judgement about the emergency situation (F=3.411, p=.034). CONCLUSION The results indicate the necessity of developing effective first aid education programs for elementary school students. Citations Citations to this article as recorded by
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a safety education program for elementary school students by comparing elementary school teachers and students on their demands for safety education. METHOD The data were collected from 1,754 1-6th grade elementary school students and 335 elementary school teachers (6 elementary schools) using self- report questionnaires. RESULTS 1) The mean score for level of demand for safety education by elementary school teachers was 4.43 (+/-.44) and for students, 4.01(+/-.65). 2) There was a significant difference in the level of demand for safety education between the elementary school teachers and students (t=-14.46, p=.000). 3) There were significant differences in the level of demand for safety education according to teachers' gender (t=-4.36, p=.000), teachers' concern about a safe life (t=5.14, p=.000), teachers' perception of a safe life (t=3.08, p=.002), students' gender (t=-3.89, p=.000), students' grade (t=5.06, p=.000), students' concern about safe life (t=13.09, p=.000), students' safe life practices (t=11.64, p=.000), students' previous experience of safety education (t=2.02, p=.045), and students' recognition of the importance of safety education (F=67.31, p=.000). CONCLUSION To develop effective safety education programs for elementary school students, it is necessary to give precedence to demands and interest in safety education of the students.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to develop first aid education programs for elementary, middle and high school students. METHOD Forty nine textbooks adopted by first to six grade elementary schools and first to third grade of both middle and high schools were analyzed for content on first aid. RESULTS 1) First aid content was covered only in courses on CONCLUSION These results suggest that the content on first aid should be revised to be practical and rational for the benefits of student safety.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this paper was to develop a CD program of applied logotherapy to improve the quality of life of adolescents with terminal cancer. METHOD Keller's ARCS theory and a model for developing internet learning materials (Kang) used to develop this program was comprised of four distinct phases: planning, designing, development, and execution stages. RESULTS This program was entitled 'Finding treasures in my life' and consisted of 5 sessions and its educational content was as follows: Treasure One, 'learning the three natures of the human mind', Treasure Two, 'learning creative value as the first method to find meaning in life', Treasure Three, 'learning experiential value as the second method to find meaning in life', Treasure Four, 'learning attitudinal value as the third method to find meaning in life', and Treasure Five, 'Becoming the master of my own life'. The sub-menu was made up of 'Beginning', 'What is it?', 'Travelling'. 'Laughing Song', 'End'. CONCLUSIONS This CD program applied logotherapy with flash animation techniques as an emotional and spiritual nursing intervention program for easier and more scientific application in pediatric oncology and hospice care.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a MOL instrument for school-age children in grades 4 through 6. METHOD The research design was a methodological study. A four-phase design involved. 1) Interview data generated from professors, nurses, and elementary school students (n=8). 2) Content validation by expert panel (n=14) 3) Initial items corrected by elementary school students (n=20) 4) Instrument validation by survey (n=574). Finally, 24 items were chosen as a meaning of life scale for late school-age children. RESULTS The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 24 items was .893 indicated a high internal consistency of the instrument, 2) Through factor analysis, 5 factors were extracted. These factors were labeled as 'relational experience', 'positive attitude', 'satisfaction/ hope', 'pursuit of goal', and experience of family love. These factors explained 52.311% of the total variance. CONCLUSION The MOL scale for late school-age children can be used in nursing programs to improve the meaning of life. Studies on difference in meaning of life for late school-age children are needed for reverification.
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The purpose of this study was to develop a tool to assess degree of health promotion behavior for infants & toddlers. METHOD The research design was a methodological study. The tool was developed in 4 stages: first, preliminary items were developed based on a questionnaire that was given to 20 mothers of infants & toddlers second, a panel of specialists reduced the preliminary items using 3 validity tests; third, final items were selected from the results of a test with a sample of 262 families. RESULTS The final tool to measure the health promotion behavior consisted of 35 items and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .884. Using factor analysis, a 7 factor solution explained 45.6% of the total variance. CONCLUSION This tool can be effectively utilized for child health care.
PURPOSE
The purpose of study was to describe and evaluate the educational status regarding clinical practicum for child health nursing to facilitate student's clinical compliance for the bachelor's degree in Korea. Methods: The study was a descriptive study and included data from 40 institutions among the 53 university nursing programs in Korea(75.5% response rate). Data were collected using mailed semi structured questionnaires and content analysis was done. RESULTS Findings show that most institutions have common learning objectives for the clinical practicum; neonatal care, high risk infant care, hospitalized child care, and advanced nursing practice. The mode for theoretical credits in child health nursing was 5 to 6 and 3 to 4 credits for clinical practice. The practice settings were prepared to provide diverse experiences, including childcare centers, and community centers with various learning activities. Evaluation for learning outcomes included faculty and instructors. It was pointed out that updating evaluation based on student and faculty feedback is important for a comprehensive practicum evaluation. Conclusions: Findings suggest that there is a -need for a generalized curriculum for clinical practicum and for the expanding role of advanced nursing practice-, a need for diverse clinical settings for practice, and effective guidance and learning activities. It is significantly noted that the attitude and teaching methodologies of clinical instructor's are highly important to effective clinical learning outcomes.
PURPOSE
The objective of this study was to provide an understanding of the difficulties for facing parents of children with terminal cancer. METHOD The design of this study was an inductive and descriptive study. Thirty-one parents of children with terminal cancer participated in-depth were interviewed s. C in depth and content analysis was used for analyzing the data. RESULTS The main categories in the findings were 'difficulties in coping', 'physical and psychological suffering of children', 'suffering of family', 'bereavement with children', 'economic problems', 'incurable situation', 'preparation of death', 'social isolation', 'coping after a child dies', 'spiritual problems', receiving active treatment', 'informing children of their condition', 'a sense of meaninglessness', 'emotional iunstability', and 'giving up hope'. CONCLUSION The main point identified from this result in this study was that parents who have a child with terminal cancer don't never give up the hope of recovery for their child even when the child is in by the terminal stage of their children, even though and they are unwillingly to prepare for their child's death. This is a unique characteristic in the attitude of the families' attitude in child hospice care and differs from that found in adult hospice care. This result can be used as an important guide for nurses to in assessing the parents' needs in the terminal care setting.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a tool to assess the need for child hospice care in families of children with cancer. METHOD The research design was a methodological study. The tool was developed in 4 stages : first, preliminary items were developed based on a questionnaire about the needs for child hospice care that was given to 20 families of children with cancer; second, a panel of specialists reduced the number of preliminary items using 3 validity tests for the content; third, final items were selected from the results of a pre-test. Finally, from February to July 2004, reliability and validity were tested with a sample of 104 families who had a child with cancer. RESULTS The final tool on the need for child hospice care consisted of 22 items and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .93. Using factor analysis, 5 factors were extracted and these factors explained 69% of the total variance. CONCLUSION The instrument, for assessing the need for child hospice care in families of children with cancer, developed in this study was identified as a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. In this sense, this tool can be effectively utilized for implementing and improving hospice care for children with cancer.
PURPOSE
To investigate the relationships among mother's perception of her own newborn, her caring-confidence level, and her child-rearing attitude; and to provide data for developing effective nursing education programs on maternal newborn care. METHOD Explorative survey questionnaires were completed by 159 married mothers of newborns from November 2003 to March 2004. Data were analyzed using SPSS/Win 10.0 by t-test and Pearson's Correlation coefficient. RESULTS The mean scores of the mother's perception of her own newborn, her caring-confidence level, and her child-rearing attitude were .26, 3.13, and 3.43 respectively. There was a positive correlation between mother's perception of her own newborn and her child-rearing attitude. There was a significant correlation between mothers caring-confidence level and her child-rearing attitude. Score of caring-confidence was significantly different depending on the availability of helper and history of delivery. CONCLUSION Availability of helper and history of delivery significantly affected mothers caring-confidence. This in turn, along with mothers perception of her own newborn, enhanced mothers child-rearing attitude. Thus, an effective education for mothers should include these factors.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to explore the fatigue of the mothers of the hospitalized children's mothers in descriptive study. METHOD Two hundred eighty three mothers who take care of the hospitalized children in three University hospitals were enrolled from June, 1 to October, 30, 2003. Data were collected using a questionnaire titled "Symptom Table on Fatigue Perception" designed by the Fatigue Research Committee of Japan, consisted of a total 30 items categorized into three sub-dimensions: the physical, the psychological and the neuro-sensory. SPSS was used for the analysis of data with 0.05 of significance. RESULT 1) The mean average fatigue score of subjects was 1.94(SD:.48): the physical fatigue revealed the highest value with a mean of 2.19(SD:.57), followed by psychological fatigue with a mean score of 1.85(SD:.52), neuro-sensory fatigue with a mean of 1.79(SD:.51). 2) With the respect to the general characteristics of hospitalized children and mothers, there were statistically significant differences in the mothers' fatigue perception by the child sex(t=-2.697, p=.008), the character of child(F=9.032, p=.000), the child condition compared to pre-hospitalization(F=3.523, p=.031), with or without support in domestic households(t=-1.981, p=.049), the amount of sleeping time(t=2.704, p=.007), and with or without of night-time sleep disturbance because of the child hospitalization(t=2.082, p=.038). CONCLUSION These results suggest that health care professional need to be aware of the persistent presence of the maternal fatigue related to the child hospitalization and the factors worsen the degree of the fatigue.
PURPOSE
This study is to identify the present situation of children's hospice and to find the developing strategies for child hospice system in Korea. METHOD The data was collected from both literatures and the recent data provided by the government. The direction of future of children's hospice cared in Korea was predicted based on the literature analysis and the report and policy of government. RESULT In Korea, the system of the child hospice is not processing. There are the importance differences between children and adult in that the characteristics and approach of the hospice care. All medical personnel and the people related to hospice care including children and their family should be recognized the necessity of the children's hospice care. The following strategies is needed for setting up the child hospice: the principles and standards, recognizing of the necessities, developing of educational program for the specialist and the systemic children's hospice program, and the organization of child hospice. CONCLUSION Directions suggested from this study have the importance of child hospice to establish and develop well in Korea for both children with life-threatening disease and their families.
PURPOSE
This study is to investigate the smoking experience and its related factors among adolescence. METHOD The subject for this study consisted of 2711 students of middle, high school located in youngam-koon, chonnam. The data were collected by an anonymous questionnaire during the period from March. 1, 2001 to June. 20, 2001. RESULT The frequency of cigaret smoker was 8%. The frequency of smoker in the high school was higher than that of smokers at the middle school. The motivation of smoking was curiosity and solicitation by friends, and the level of smoking was on average less than 10 cigarettes a day. The 72.2% of smokers started during the middle school period. Students who smoke had more positive attitude toward smoking than students who don't smoke. There were significant differences in there knowledge about the harmful effect of smoking between nonsmoker and smoker. Most smoking students thought that nonsmoking education is necessary for adolescents, even though they don't want to quit the smoking. The frequency of smoker was different between genders. CONCLUSION An understanding of the characteristics of smoking of adolescence may provide guidance for preventive interventions with adolescents.
The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the lived experience of adolescents with physical handicap by means of the Colaizzi's phenomenological method. The participants were 15 adolescents, 10-19 years old, who were experiencing physical handicap. Significant statements from data were extracted. From these formulated meanings, 27 themes, 10 clusters of theme and 4 categories were constructed. Major theme clusters that were emerged from the analysis are 'denial', 'despair', 'social isolation', 'being despised', 'not being treated as a member of society', 'getting the power in love around people', 'accepting the physical handicap', 'feeling the joy and one's life worth living', 'depending on the religion', and 'the feeling of achievement by the effort and the service'.
In order to help the adolescents with physical handicap overcome their difficulty and cope to the social environment, nurses need to understand the essential theme clusters of the experience of adolescents with physical disability.
Suffering is a human burden that may not be truly avoidable.
In order to put that view in perspective we must examine suffering in a form as isolated from self-inflicted behavior as possible.
The suffering of a child is one such example. The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning of suffering in the teenager and is to analyze difference of suffering in children and adult.
The subjects of this study were 6 children (12year-17year) including in-patients and out-patients of a general hospital who were diagnosed as having cancer. The data was collected from October 10,1996 to April 15, 1997.
Qualitative research methods of in-depth interview and participant observation were used for data collection. Data analysis progressed according to the fieldwork phases suggested by the Hybrid Model.
According to the results of the study, the meaning of suffering in the teenager can be described as follows: Suffering is an inevitable experience of all human beings.
When each child experiences pain and destroying child-adult relationship, suffering in which threaten one's personal integrity is perceived differently among each child depending on their personal inner factors, one's significant others, exterior circumstances and stimuli. Suffering brings severs and unendurable distress which accompany anguish, depression, anxiety and fear.
This findings provide data for new insights of suffering.
When caring for teenager who experience suffering, nurse need to consider the influence of suffering. Moreover, appropriate nursing interventions aimed at relieving suffering need to be developed.
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